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BMS 212 > Chapter 9: Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

The term used to describe all of the chemical reactions inside a cell.

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2
Q

Metabolic Pathways

A

Cellular processes such as the building or breaking down of complex molecules occur through series of stepwise, interconnected chemical reactions.

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3
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

Reactions that are spontaneous and release energy.

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4
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

Require energy to proceed.

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5
Q

Anabolism

A

Refers to those endergonic metabolic pathways involved in biosynthesis, converting simple molecular building blocks into more complex molecules, and fueled by the use of cellular energy.

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6
Q

Catabolism

A

Refers to exergonic pathways that break down complex molecules into simpler ones.

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7
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms that convert inorganic carbon dioxide into organic carbon compounds (Ex. plants and cyanobacteria).

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8
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Rely on more complex organic carbon compounds as nutrients; these are provided to them initially by autotrophs (Ex. humans, E. coli).

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9
Q

Phototrophs

A

Get their energy for electron transfer from light.

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10
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Obtains energy for electron transfer by breaking chemical bonds.

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11
Q

Organotrophs

A

Chemotrophs that obtain energy from organic compounds including humans, fungi, and many prokaryotes.

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12
Q

Lithotrophs

A

Chemotrophs that get energy from inorganic compounds, including hydrogen sulfide and reduced iron.

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13
Q

Oxidation Reactions

A

Reactions that remove electrons from donor molecules, leaving them oxidized.

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14
Q

Reduction Reactions

A

Those that add electrons to acceptor molecules, leaving them reduced.

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15
Q

Redox Reactions

A

Oxidation and reduction occur in tandem.

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16
Q

Electron Carriers

A

Molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways.

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17
Q

NAD+/NADH

A

The most common mobile electron carrier used in catabolism. NAD+ is the oxidized form of the molecule; NADH is the reduced form of the molecule.

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18
Q

Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)

A

Composed of an adenine molecule bonded to a ribose molecule and a single phosphate group.

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19
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that helps speed up a chemical reaction and is not used up in the reaction.

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20
Q

Activation Energy

A

The energy needed to form or break chemical bonds and convert reactants to products.

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21
Q

Substrates

A

The chemical reactants to which an enzyme binds.

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22
Q

Active Site

A

The location within the enzyme where the substrate binds.

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22
Q

Active Site

A

The location within the enzyme where the substrate binds.

23
Q

Induced Fit

A

Active-site modification in the presence of substrate, along with the simultaneous formation of the transition state.

24
Q

Cofactors

A

Inorganic ions such as iron and magnesium that help stabilize enzyme conformation and function.

25
Q

Coenzymes

A

Organic helper molecules that are required for enzyme action; they are not consumed and, hence, are reusable.

26
Q

Coenzyme A (CoA)

A

Bind to the enzyme’s active site, aiding in the chemistry of the transition of a substrate to a product.

27
Q

Apoenzyme

A

An enzyme lacking a necessary cofactor or coenzyme and is inactive.

28
Q

Holoenzyme

A

An enzyme with the necessary associated cofactor or coenzyme and is active.

29
Q

Competitive Inhibitor

A

A molecule similar enough to a substrate that is can compete with the substrate for binding to the active site by simply blocking the substrate from binding.

30
Q

Allosteric Site

A

A location other than the active site.

31
Q

Noncompetitive (Allosteric) Inhibitor

A

Binds to the enzyme at an allosteric site, and still manages to block substrate binding to the active site by inducing a conformational change that reduces the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate.

32
Q

Allosteric Activators

A

Bind to locations on an enzyme away from the active site, inducing a conformational change that increases the affinity of the enzyme’s active site(s) for its substrate(s).

33
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

Involves the use of a pathway product to regulate its own further production.

34
Q

Embden-Meyerhif-Parnas (EMP) Pathway (Part One)

A

The first part of the pathway is called the energy investment phase, uses energy from two ATP molecules to modify a glucose molecule so that the six-carbon sugar molecule can be split evenly into two phosphorylated three-carbon molecules called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

35
Q

Embden-Meyerhif-Parnas (EMP) Pathway (Part Two)

A

The second part of the pathway, called the energy payoff phase, extracts energy by oxidizing G3P to pyruvate, producing four ATP molecules and reducing two molecules of NAD+ to two molecules of NADH, using electrons that originated from glucose.

36
Q

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

A

A phosphate group is removed from an organic molecule and is directly transferred to an available ADP molecule, producing ATP.

37
Q

Entner-Doudoroff (ED) Pathway

A

Glycolysis pathway used by bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

38
Q

Phosphate Pathway (PPP)/Phosphogluconate Pathway/Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

A

May be the most ancient universal glycolytic pathway; is favored when the cell has need for nucleic acid and/or protein synthesis, respectively.

39
Q

Transition Reaction/Bridge Reaction

A

When the pyruvate is decarboxylated by the enzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase to a two-carbon acetyl group.

40
Q

Coenzyme A (CoA)

A

A very large carrier compound that two-carbon acetyl must be attached to to proceed in the metabolic process.

41
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Transfers remaining electrons from the acetyl group produced during the transition reaction to electron carrier molecules, thus reducing them.

42
Q

Electron Transport System

A

Is the last component involved in the process of cellular respiration; it comprises a series of membrane-associated protein complexes and associated mobile accessory electron carriers.

43
Q

Redox Potential

A

A measure of the ease with which a molecule will accept electrons.

44
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

The final electron acceptor at the end of the ETS is an oxygen molecule (O2) that becomes reduced to water (H2O) by the final ETS carrier.

45
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Using an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as a final electron acceptor.

46
Q

Fermentation

A

Does not involve an electron transport system and does not directly produce any additional ATP beyond that produced during glycolysis by substrate-level phosphorylation.

47
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Makes yogurt and cheese, and is used by animals in muscles during oxygen depletion. Pyruvate + NADH <—> Lactic Acid + NAD+

48
Q

Homolactic Fermentation

A

When lactic acid is the only fermentation product.

49
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

A

Produces ethanol; is used in the production of alcoholic beverages and also makes bread products rise due to the CO2 production; also used in biofuel production.

50
Q

Propionic Acid Fermentation

A

The propionic acid produced contributes to the distinctive flavor of Swiss cheese, for example/

51
Q

Lipases

A

Catalyze the breaking down of triglycerides.

52
Q

Phospholipaes

A

Catalyze the breaking down of phospholipids.

53
Q

Phospholipase

A

Catalyze the breaking down of phospholipids.

54
Q

Beta-Oxidation

A

Sequentially removes two-carbon acetyl groups from the ends of fatty acids chains, reducing NAD+ and FAD to produce NADH and PADH2, respectively, whose electrons can be used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.

55
Q

Protease

A

The enzymes that degrades proteins.

BMS 212 (24 decks)

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