Chapter 16 Pharmacology Flashcards by Jason Unknown

what type of drugs are sulfonamides?

antibiotics

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what type of drug is ivermectin?

parasiticide

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what type of drugs are used to control inflammation?

glucocorticoids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)

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name 3 species in which administration of penicillin can be fatal?

hamster, guinea pigs, rabbits

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what is a polyvalent vaccine?

vaccines for multiple diseases in a single inoculation

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what term refers to the combined effect of the drugs being greater than the sum of each one alone?

synergism

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t or f: a drug that is safe in one species is safe in all species.

false: a drug safe in one species can be toxic in another species.

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what term means that a drug is being used in a way that is not specified in the FDA’s package insert?

off-label

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t or f: schedule I controlled substances have the lowest potential for human abuse.

false they have the highest potential for abuse

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what are controlled substances?

drugs that are regulated by the DEA because they may be addictive to humans.

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what are the 4 parts of a dosage regime?

dose
frequency
route of administration
duration of treatment

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the ability of a drug to enter the bloodstream from the site of administration is called…

absorption

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what term means “not through the alimentary canal.”

parenteral

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to what part of the body is a topical drug applied?

skin or mucous membranes, including eyes and ears

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what route of drug administration is generally the slowest to achieve the peak concontration?

PO (per os or by mouth)

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If you are unsure of or do not understand a dosage regimen, who should you discuss it with?

a. Veterinary staff
b. Principal investigator
c. Toxicologist
d. IACUC chair

a. Veterinary staff

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Which of the following is NOT a component of the acronym ADME?

a. Affect
b. Metabolism
c. Excretion
d. Distribution

a. Affect

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Which of the following characteristics is not a component of the dosage regimen?

a. Dose rate
b. Duration of treatment
c. Drug manufacturer
d. Treatment frequency

c. Drug manufacturer

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A capsule is an example of what type of route of administration?

a. Subcutaneous
b. Topical
c. Oral
d. Parenteral

c. Oral

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The breakdown products of drugs are called ____.

a. pro-drugs
b. pharmakines
c. metabolites
d. liposomes

c. metabolites

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Who establishes the expiration date of an FDA approved drug?

a. Attending veterinarian
b. Institutional official
c. Drug manufacturer
d. Principal investigator

c. Drug manufacturer

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What is the term for the movement of a drug throughout the body?

a. Metabolism
b. Dissolution
c. Dispersal
d. Distribution

d. Distribution

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Why must care be taken when storing drugs classed as biologics?

a. These drugs are temperature sensitive
b. These drugs are regulated by the FDA
c. These drugs must be injected intravenously
d. These drugs are commonly vaccines

a. These drugs are temperature sensitive

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Which of the following is NOT an example of a sustained release formulation?

a. Transdermal patch
b. Liposome
c. Subcutaneous bolus
d. Osmotic pump

c. subcutaneous bolus

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``` In which of the following routes of administration would a drug have the slowest rate of absorption into the bloodstream? a. Inhalation b. Rectal c. Subcutaneous d. Peritoneal ```

c. Subcutaneous

In which species is atropine not effective in reducing salivation during anesthesia? a. Sheep b. Rats c. Rabbits d. Guinea pigs

. c. Rabbits

Itraconazole is a drug that may be administered to an animal with an infection of which kind of organism? a. Bacterium b. Virus c. Fungus d. Parasite

c. Fungus

The effect of administering trimethoprim and sulfamethazine together is: a. Additive b. Synergistic c. Potentiating d. Antagonistic

b. Synergistic

Controlled substances are classified by federal regulations into how many schedules? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

d. 5

Gentamycin and kanamycin are examples of which kind of antibiotics? a. Aminoglycosides b. Fluoroquinolones c. Penicillins d. Tetracyclines

a. Aminoglycosides

Why is neomycin NOT given by the parenteral route? a. It is only available as a cream. b. It has a sedative effect. c. It gets metabolized by the liver. d. It is toxic.

d. It is toxic.

For which of the following conditions are cephalosporins often used? a. To treat fungal infections b. For the topical treatment of burns c. To treat infections that have shown resistance to other antibiotics d. For infections caused by gram-negative organisms

c. To treat infections that have shown resistance to other antibiotics

When treated for a bacterial infection, why may a hamster die following one or more injections of penicillin? a. Penicillin is not effective on gram-positive organisms. b. Overgrowth of gram-negative organisms may secrete a lethal toxin. c. Hamsters secrete an enzyme that changes penicillin to a toxic metabolite. d. The dose of penicillin given was probably too high.

b. Overgrowth of gram-negative organisms may secrete a lethal toxin.

Miconazole is what type of drug? a. Antibacterial b. Antiviral c. Antifungal d. Antiparasitic

c. Antifungal

What is a common parasiticide? a. Sulfa b. Penicillin c. Amitraz d. Ivermectin

. d. Ivermectin

Ivermectin, fenbendazole, and pyrantel pamoate are all used to treat animals for: a. Chronic diarrhea. b. Viral infections. c. Endoparasites. d. Inflammation.

c. Endoparasites

Pyrethrins are what type of substance? a. Antiviral b. Insecticide c. Antidiarrheal d. Anti-inflammatory

b. Insecticide

What best describes a polyvalent vaccine? a. It is effective in many species. b. One vial contains multiple vaccines. c. The vaccine is combined with other drugs. d. An animal must be administered booster vaccinations.

b. One vial contains multiple vaccines.

The causative agent for enterotoxemia in hamsters and guinea pigs treated with penicillin is: a. Eimeria b. Clostridium c. Pneumocystis d. Giardia

b. Clostridium

Enrofloxacin belongs to what group of antibacterial drugs? a. Sulfonamides b. Fluoroquinolones c. Aminoglycosides d. Macrolides

b. Fluoroquinolones

``` Which route of administration will produce the highest concentration in the bloodstream of a drug given at the same dose? a. Subcutaneous b. Intramuscular c. Intravenous d. Oral ```

c. Intravenous

What is an advantage of NSAIDs over glucocorticoids? a. NSAIDs are not immunosuppressive, whereas glucocorticoids are immunosuppressive. b. NSAIDs have a faster onset of drug action than glucocorticoids. c. NSAIDs are not controlled substances, but glucocorticoids are controlled substances. d. NSAIDs may be used topically, but glucocorticoids are not effective topically.

. a. NSAIDs are not immunosuppressive, whereas glucocorticoids are immunosuppressive.

Pyrantel pamoate is used drug to treat which condition in laboratory animals? a. Nematodes b. Inflammation c. Ringworm d. Diarrhea

a. Nematodes

Examples of controlled-release delivery systems

transdermal patches, implantable osmotic pumps, liposomes (fatty vesicles in suspension), capsules.

additive effect

occurs if the total effect of the drug combination is equal to the sum of the effect of each drug alone.

potentiation effect

the increase in a drug’s effect caused by another drug which itself has little effect.

synergism effect

the combined effect of the drugs being greater than the sum of each alone.

antagonism effect

the interference of one drug with the action of another.

therapeutic index

is often expressed as the lethal dose in half of a test population (LD50) divided by the effective dose in half of a test population (ED50). This ratio is expressed as LD50:ED50.

dose rate

the quantity of the drug per unit of body weight, for example mg/kg.

dose

the actual amount of drug administered

Sulfonamides

broad-spectrum antibiotics treat enteric coccidiosis

Fluoroquinolones

potent broad-spectrum drugs treating E. coli, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, etc. Enrofloxacin is most commonly used.

Aminoglycosides

include neomycin, gentamicin, and kanamycin. This family has mainly a Gram-negative spectrum.

Penicillins

have mainly a Gram-positive spectrum of activity

Cephalosporins

useful for treating Gram-positive organisms, particularly ones resistant to the penicillins. Ceftiofur and cefadroxil are frequently used

Nitroimidazoles

used to treat infections of anaerobic bacteria and parasitic protozoa, such as Amoeba, Giardia, and Trichomonas. Metronidazole is the most commonly used

Antifungal Drugs

miconazole and nystatin | ketoconazole, itraconazole, or amphotericin.

Ivermectin

one of the most widely used parasiticides in laboratory animal medicine It is nearly always fatal when administered to turtles and is generally not recommended for use in reptiles or snakes due to a narrow margin of safety.

Fenbendazole

used to treat internal parasites—mainly nematodes. It is an effective and generally safe treatment for rodent pinworms.

Pyrantel pamoate

is an effective treatment for nematodes in many species.

Pyrethrins

a family of insecticidal compounds which are used to treat external parasites in many species.

Praziquantel

used for treating tapeworms in dogs and cats and other species.

Amitraz

used for treating demodectic mange mites in dogs.

Milbemycin oxime

used for the prevention of heartworm in dogs.

anti-diarrhea (reduce gut motility)

atropine loperamide aminopentamide

anti-diarrhea (coat the bowel lining)

kaolin/pectin bismuth subsalicylate carafate

Nausea and vomiting drugs

netoclopramide maropitant citrate promethazine

Synthetic corticosteroids

dexamethasone triamcinolone prednisone.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)

``` meloxicam flunixin meglumine ketoprofen carprofen robenacoxib. ```

Biological products (often known as biologics)

materials that either consist of or are derived from living components, such as tissues, cells, or microbes. Vaccinations, tuberculin, gene therapy, and blood products are examples of biologics.

Chapter 16 Pharmacology Flashcards

(71 cards)