Chapter 17

Question 0

Niccolo Machiavelli

Answer 0

• Author of “The Prince” (16th century)
• emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power
• one of the most influential authors of the Italian Renaissance

Question 1

Italian Renaissance

Answer 1

• Italy was the center of initial Renaissance culture
• had more contact with Roman tradition than did the rest of Europe
• led the west in banking and trade
• helped revive Greco-Roman styles

Question 2

Humanism

Answer 2

• Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor
• method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages

Question 3

Northern Renaissance

Answer 3

• The movement in Art in Germany and Flanders that reflected greater religious tones
• emphasized critical thinking, developed Christian humanism criticizing the church & society, painting/woodcuts/literature.

Question 4

Francis I

Answer 4

• King of France in the 16th century
• regarded as Renaissance monarch
• patron of the arts
• imposed new controls on Catholic Church
• ally of ottoman sultan against holy roman emperor

Question 5

Johannes Gutenberg

Answer 5

• Introduced movable type to Western Europe in the 15th century
• credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets

Question 6

European-style family

Answer 6

-Originated in 15th century among peasant and artisans of Western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married

Question 7

Martin Luther

Answer 7

• German monk
• initiated Protestant reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church
• emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic Church
• accepted state control of church

Question 8

Protestantism

Answer 8

• General wave of religious dissent against Catholic Church
• generally held to have begun with Martin Luther’s attack on catholic beliefs in 1517
• included many varieties of religious belief

Question 9

Anglican Church

Answer 9

• Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534
• established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife
• became increasingly Protestant following Henry’s death

Question 10

Jean Calvin

Answer 10

• French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination
• established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva
• encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education
• Calvinism spread from Switzerland to Northern Europe and North America

Question 11

Catholic Reformation

Answer 11

• Restatement of traditional catholic beliefs in response to Protestant reformation (16th century)
• established councils that revived catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs

Question 12

Jesuits

Answer 12

• A new religious order founded during the catholic reformation
• active in politics, education, and missionary works
• sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia

Question 13

Edict of Nantes

Answer 13

• Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598

- granted only after lengthy civil war between catholic and Protestant factions

Question 14

Thirty Years War

Answer 14

• War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain
• ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia

Question 15

Treaty of Westphalia

Answer 15

• Ended Thirty Years’ War in 1648
• granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or catholic

Question 16

English Civil War

Answer 16

• Conflict from 1640 to 1660
• featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy
• ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

Question 17

Proletariat

Answer 17

• Class of working people without access to producing property
• typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor
• in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries

Question 18

Witchcraft persecution

Answer 18

• Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth
• resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650
• particularly common in Protestant areas

Question 19

Scientific Revolution

Answer 19

• Culminated in 17th century
• period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations
• resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages

Question 20

Copernicus

Answer 20

• Polish monk and astronomer (16th century)

- disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe

Question 21

Johannes Kepler

Answer 21

• Resolved basic issues of planetary motion
• practiced astrology & casted horoscopes for wealthy patrons
• worked on optics

Question 22

Galileo

Answer 22

• Published Copernicus’ findings (17th century)
• added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion
• condemned by the Catholic Church for his work

Question 23

William Harvey

Answer 23

-English physician (17th century) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as a pump

Question 24

René Descartes

Answer 24

• Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century)
• argued that human reason could the develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature

Question 25

Isaac Newton

Answer 25

• English scientist during the 17th century
• author of “Principia”
• drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws
• established principles of motion
• defined forces of gravity

Question 26

Deism

Answer 26

• Concept of God current during the scientific revolution

- role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun

Question 27

John Locke

Answer 27

• English philosopher during the 17th century
• argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason
• argued that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings
• offered possibility of revolution to other throw tyrants

Question 28

Absolute monarchy

Answer 28

• Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in Western Europe during the 17th century
• featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies

Question 29

Louis XIV

Answer 29

-French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy

Question 30

Glorious Revolution

Answer 30

• English overthrow of James II in 1688

- resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king

Question 31

Frederick the Great

Answer 31

• Prussian king of the 18th century
• attempted to introduce enlightenment reforms into Germany
• built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors
• introduced freedom of religion
• increased state control of economy

Question 32

Enlightenment

Answer 32

• Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century
• featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society
• belief that rational laws could describe social behavior

Question 33

Adam Smith

Answer 33

• Established liberal economics (“Wealth of Nations,” 1776)

- argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces

Question 34

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 34

• Enlightenment feminist thinker in England

- argued that new political rights should extend to women