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AP World History > Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Flashcards

0
Q

Proto-industrialization

A
  • Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe
  • workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants
  • prelude to industrial revolution
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1
Q

Population Revolution

A
  • Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730
  • prelude to industrial revolution
  • population of France increased 50%, England and Prussia 100%
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2
Q

American Revolution

A
  • Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783
  • resulted in independence and for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America
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3
Q

French Revolution

A
  • Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800
  • resulted in overthrow of bourbon monarchy and old regimes
  • ended with establishment of French empire under Napoleon Bonaparte
  • source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe
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4
Q

Louis XVI

A

-Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution

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5
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

A
  • Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789)
  • stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens
  • later became a political source for other liberal movements
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6
Q

Guillotine

A
  • Introduced as a method of humane execution

- utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror

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7
Q

Maximilian Robespierre

A
  • Leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution
  • sponsored the Reign of Terror
  • he was arrested and guillotined
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8
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte

A
  • Rose within the French army during the French Revolution
  • eventually became general
  • led a coupe that ended the French Revolution
  • established French empire under his rule
  • defeated and exiled in 1815
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9
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

-Meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes

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10
Q

Liberalism

A
  • Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century
  • stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government
  • urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments
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11
Q

Radicals

A
  • Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century
  • advocated broader voting rights than liberals
  • in some cases advocated outright democracy
  • urged reforms in favor of the lower classes
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12
Q

Socialism

A
  • Political movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century
  • urged an attack on private property in the name of equality
  • wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man
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13
Q

Nationalism

A
  • Patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts

- an extreme of this&raquo_space; marked by superiority over other countries

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14
Q

Greek Revolution

A
  • Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820

- key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans

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15
Q

French Revolution of 1830

A
  • Installed a different king

- produced a somewhat more liberal monarchy

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16
Q

Belgian Revolution of 1830

A

-Produced a liberal regime and a newly independent nation

17
Q

Reform Bill of 1832

A
  • A response to popular agitation
  • gave the parliamentary vote to most middle-class men
  • did not extend the vote to workers and led to further political protest
  • took place in England
18
Q

James Watt

A
  • Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer

- renowned for his improvements in steam engine technology

19
Q

Factory system

A
  • A method of manufacturing first adopted in England at the beginning of the industrial revolution
  • based on the concentration of industry into specialized and often large establishments
  • replaced the domestic system
20
Q

French Revolution of 1848

A
  • Caused by popular discontent with Louis Phillipe
  • radical republicans managed to get provisional government to pass socialist programs
  • military turned against the lower class agitators
  • the National Workshop only provided more problems and discontent
21
Q

Revolutions of 1848

A
  • Liberal protesters rose up against the conservative establishment
  • moderate liberals pushed actively for extension of suffrage through their “banquet campaign”
  • Louis-Phillippe attempted reform
  • overthrow of monarchy led to protest
  • these revolutions didn’t get Europe anywhere, nothing came of them
22
Q

Louis Pasteur

A
  • Discoverer of germs

- discovery led to more conscientious sanitary regulation by 1880s

23
Q

Benjamin Disraeli

A
  • Leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century
  • took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867
  • typical of conservative politician making has of popular politics
24
Q

Camillo Di Cavour

A
  • Architect of Italian unification in 1858
  • formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy
  • resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmontese king
25
Q

Otto von Bismarck

A
  • Conservative prime minister of Prussia
  • architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870
  • utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes
26
Q

American Civil War (1861-1865)

A
  • Fought from 1861 to 1865
  • first application of industrial revolution to warfare
  • resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of north and south
27
Q

Social question

A
  • Issues relating to repressed classes in Western Europe during the industrial revolution, particularly workers and women
  • became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870
28
Q

Karl Marx

A
  • German socialist of the mid-19th century
  • blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian
  • saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production
  • preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship
29
Q

Revisionism

A
  • Socialist movements that at lest tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine
  • believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions
30
Q

Feminist movements

A
  • Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education
  • came to concentrate on right to vote
  • won support particularly from middle-class women
  • active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century
  • revived in light of other issues in the 1960s
31
Q

Mass leisure culture

A
  • An aspect of the later industrial revolution

- based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports

32
Q

Charles Darwin

A
  • Biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859)
  • argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival
33
Q

Albert Einstein

A
  • Developed mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles
  • after 1900 issued theory of relativity
34
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • Viennese physician (19th-20th centuries)
  • developed theories of the working of the human subconscious
  • argued that behavior is determined by impulses
35
Q

Romanticism

A
  • Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe
  • held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature
  • sought to portray passions, not calm reflections
36
Q

American exceptionalism

A
  • The theory that the United States is qualitatively different from other nation states
  • based on liberty, egalitarianism, individualism, republicanism, populism, and laissez-faire
37
Q

Triple Alliance

A
  • Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century
  • part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I
38
Q

Triple Entente

A
  • Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century
  • part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I
39
Q

Balkan nationalism

A
  • Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire
  • provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system
  • eventually led to World War I

AP World History (7 decks)

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