Chapter 25 Flashcards
0
Q
Miguel de Hidalgo
A
- Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810
- despite early victories, was captured and executed
1
Q
Toussaint L’Overture
A
- Leader of the slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Dominigue in 1791
- led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804
2
Q
Augustín de Iturbide
A
- Conservative creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence
- combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821
- later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until it’s collapse in 1824
3
Q
Simon Bolívar
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- Creole military officer in northern South America
- won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822
- military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia
4
Q
Gran Colombia
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- Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolivar
- existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations
5
Q
José de San Martin
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- Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata
- led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816
- later led independence movement in Chile and Peru as well
6
Q
João VI
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- Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula
- made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro
7
Q
Pedro I
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- Son and successor of João VI in Brazil
- aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822
- became constitutional emperor of Brazil
8
Q
Andrés Santa Cruz
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-Mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839
9
Q
Caudillos
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- Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies
- sometimes seized national governments to impose their new concept of rule
- typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America
10
Q
Centralists
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- Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers
- often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives
11
Q
Federalists
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- Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations
- often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals
12
Q
Monroe Doctrine
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- American declaration stated in 1823
- established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States
- Supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade
13
Q
Guano
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- Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer
- exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880
- income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery
14
Q
Positivism
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- French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society
- adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence
