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RVT Review > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

what is transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

A

a fleeting neurological dysfunction
symptoms last less than 24 hours
usually embolic from heart or carotid artery

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2
Q

what is vertebral basilar insufficiency (VBI)?

A

RIND
symptoms last longer than 24 hours but not longer than 72
can have complete recovery

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3
Q

what attack will have permanent symptoms?

A

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

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4
Q

what is CVA?

A

symptoms last more than 24 hours

complete recovery doesnt occur

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5
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

causes thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls
can result in decreased perfusion to the brain
formed within or beneath the intima

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6
Q

what is atheromatous plaque?

A

a form of arteriorscleriosis

localized accumulations of lipid containing material (atheroma), smooth muscle cells, collagen, fibrin, and platelets

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7
Q

what are some types of atheromatous plaque?

A 
fatty streak 
fibrous plaque 
complicated lesion 
ulcerative lesion 
intra-plaque hemorrhage
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8
Q

what is included in the fatty streak?

A

thin layer of lipid material on intimal layer

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9
Q

what is fibrous plaque made of?

A

accumulation of lipids, collagen, and elastic fibers

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10
Q

what is complicated lesion made of?

A

a fibrous plaque that includes fibrous tissue, more collage, calcium, and cellular debris

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11
Q

what is ulcerative lesion made of?

A

deterioration of the normally smooth surface of the fibrous cap; may result in distal embolization

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12
Q

what is intra-plaque hemorrhage made of?

A

evident on B-mode as a sonolucent area within plaque

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13
Q

what is thromboembolic?

A

obstruction of a vessel by a piece of thrombus

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14
Q

what is a thrombus?

A

large amounts of red blood cells trapped within a fibrin network; clumps of platelets may also be evident

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15
Q

what is embolism?

A

piece of thrombus breaks loose and travels distally until it lodges in a small vessel

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16
Q

what is an aneurysm?

A

localized dilation of a blood vessel due to congential defect or weakness of the wall
due to trauma, infection or atherosclerosis

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17
Q

where are aneurysm rarely seen?

A

in cervical carotid artery

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18
Q

what is the formula for doppler shift?

A

2fvcos/c

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19
Q

where in the circle of willis is aneursyms more common?

A

connection between ACA and Acomm

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20
Q

what is a pulsatile mass in neck usually?

A

a very tortuous CCA

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21
Q

what are some non-atherosclerotic conditions?

A

dissection
fibromuscular dysplasia
carotid body tumors
neointimal hyperplasia

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22
Q

what is a dissection?

A

results from a sudden tear in the intima

creates a false lumen which may gradually extend prox or distally

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23
Q

T/F blood in the false lumen can thrombosis?

A

true

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24
Q

what is fibromuscular dysplasia?

A

most commonly cuased by dysplais aof medial along with overgrowth of collagen
characteristic bead-like appearance
often seen in young women
common location renal arteries 2nd ICA

25
Q

what is a carotid body tumor?

A

a small structure located just above the carotid bif
bw ICA and ECA
helps control respiration by sensing changes in oxygen tension of blood

26
Q

what is another chara of carotid body tumor?

A

highly vascular structure that develops bw the ICA and ECA and is usually fed by the ECA
surgical excision may require ligation of the ICA and or ECA

27
Q

what is neointimal hyperplasia?

A

intimal thickening from rapid production of smooth muscle cells

28
Q

why do neointimal hyperplasias occur?

A

a response to vascular injury/ reconstructions

post carotid endaterectomy

29
Q

what can happen with neointimal hyperplasia?

A

denuding of endothelium leads to platelet acumulation, endothelium regeneration, and smooth muscle cell proliferation

30
Q

when does significant stenosis occur with neointimal hyperplasia?

A

6-24 months

31
Q

what is a palpation?

A

rhythmic throbbing of artery in time with the heart beat usually felt by the 2, 3, or 4 fingers

32
Q

what are some common sites for palpation?

A

common carotid, superficial temporal, subclab, axillary arteries

33
Q

what is ausculation?

A

listening through a stethoscope

34
Q

what is a bruit?

A

a noise heard as the result of turbulent flow

freq associated with a hemody significant lesion

35
Q

when will you not hear a bruit with a stenosis?

A

with a very tight stenosis >90%

36
Q

what are common sites for bruits?

A

carotid and subclavian

37
Q

how can you detect a subclav steal?

A

take BP measurements
side with the lowest pressure
detects proximal obstruction

38
Q

what is part of the anterior circulation?

A

ICA MCA ACA

39
Q

the left side of the brain controls which side of the body?

A

right

40
Q

specific eye symptoms are suggestive of what disease?

e.g amaurosis fugax

A

ipsilateral ICA disease

41
Q

what are symptoms with ICA lesion?

A

unilateral paresis and parethesia
aphasia
amaurosis fugax

42
Q

what is paresis?

A

weakness or slight paralysis

43
Q

what is paresthesia?

A

prickling or tingling of the skin

44
Q

what is aphasia?

A

inability to speak

45
Q

what is amaurosis fugax?

A

temporary partial or total blindness, usually in one eye

46
Q

which symptoms are not consistent with ICA lesions?

A

myopia

homonymous hemianopia

47
Q

what is myopia?

A

nearsightedness

48
Q

what is homonymous hemianopia?

A

defective vision or blindness in the right or left halves of the visual fields

49
Q

what are symptoms with MCA lesions?

A

aphasia or dysphasia
mreo sever facial and arm hemiparesis or hemiplegia
behavioral changes (confusion)

50
Q

what are symptoms with ACA lesions?

A

more severe leg hemiparesis or hemiplegia
incontience
loss of ccordination

51
Q

what is part of the posterior circulation?

A

PCA
verts
basilar

52
Q

what are symptoms with vertebrobasilar lesion?

A 
vertigo 
ataxia 
bilateral visually blurring or double vision 
bilateral paresthia or anesthesia 
drop attack
53
Q

what is vertigo?

A

difficult in maintain equilibrium

54
Q

what is ataxia?

A

muscular uncoordination i.e inability to catch a taxi or inability to control gait

55
Q

what is drop attack?

A

falling to the ground without a loss of consciousness

56
Q

what are symptoms seen with PCA lesions?

A

dyslexia
coma
paralysis usually does not occur

57
Q

what are non-localizing symptoms?

A

dizziness
syncope
severe headache

58
Q

what is dizziness?

A

sensation of whirling with a tendency to fall

59
Q

what is syncope?

A

transient loss of consciousness

RVT Review (30 decks)

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