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Anatomy > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the CNS communicate with the body?

A

Via pathways

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2
Q

Pathways travel through what matter?

A

White

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3
Q

What does the pathways consist of?

A

A tract and a Nucleus

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4
Q

What does each tract work with?

A

multiple nuclei groups in the CNS

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5
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

collection of neuron cell bodies within the CNS

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6
Q

What is Ascending pathways?

A

carry sensory information from the peripheral body to the brain

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7
Q

What is Descending Pathways?

A

transmit motor information from the brain or brainstem to muscles or glands

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8
Q

somatotopy

A

Pathways that connect the primary motor cortex to a specific body part exhibit somatotopy.

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9
Q

All pathways are composed of….

A

paired tracts

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10
Q

A pathway on the left side of the CNS has a matching tract on the….

A

right side of the CNS

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11
Q

What does Sensory Pathways have?

A

have primary neurons, secondary neurons, and sometimes tertiary neurons that facilitate the pathway’s functioning

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12
Q

What does a Motor Pathway have?

A

upper motor neuron and a lower motor neuron

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13
Q

Somatosensory pathways

A

process stimuli received from receptors within the skin, muscles, and joints

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14
Q

Viscerosensory pathways

A

process stimuli received from the viscera

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15
Q

What do Sensory receptors detect?

A

stimuli and then conduct nerve impulses to the CNS

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16
Q

What do sensory pathways within the spinal cord and brain stem do?

A

process and filter the incoming sensory information

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17
Q

Sensory Pathways determine whether the sensory stimulus should be transmitted to the…..

A

cerebrum or terminated

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18
Q

What percent of incoming impulses do not reach the cerebral cortex and our conscious awareness?

A

more than 99%

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19
Q

How many pathways does the sensory use to transmit stimulus information from the body periphery to the brain?

A

two or three neurons

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20
Q

What neuron is the primary?

A

First neuron

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21
Q

Where do the cell bodies reside? (1st neuron)

A

in the posterior root ganglia of spinal nerves or the sensory ganglia of cranial nerves

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22
Q

Where is does the axon of the primary neuron project to?

A

projects to a secondary neuron within the CNS

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23
Q

The secondary neuron is a….

A

interneuron

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24
Q

Where do the cell bodies reside? ( 2nd neuron)

A

within either the posterior horn of the spinal cord or a brainstem nucleus

25
Q

The tertiary neuron is also an….

A

interneuron

26
Q

Where do the cell bodies reside? ( 3rd neuron)

A

within the thalamus

27
Q

What is Funiculus cuneatus and gracilis do?

A

Conduct sensory impulses for information about limb position and discriminative touch, precise pressure, and vibration sensation

28
Q

What is Located in the anterior and lateral white funiculi of the spinal cord?

A

anterior spinothalamic tract

lateral spinothalamic tract

29
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tract conduct…

A

sensory impulses for crude touch and pressure

30
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract conduct…

A

sensory impulses for pain and temperature

31
Q

What does Spinocerebellar Pathway conduct?

A

proprioceptive information to the cerebellum for processing to coordinate body movements

32
Q

the spinocerebellar is composed of..

A

anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts

33
Q

Spinocerebellar do NOT use

A

tertiary (3rd) neurons

34
Q

Anterior spinocerebellar tract conduct….

A

proprioceptive impulses from inferior regions of trunk and lower limbs

35
Q

Posterior spinocerebellar tract conduct….

A

proprioceptive impulses from lower limbs, regions of trunk and upper limbs

36
Q

Direct Pathways include

A

Corticobulbar, anterior and posterior corticospinal tracts.

37
Q

Indirect Pathways include

A

Rubrospinal tract, Reticulospinal tract, Tectospinal tract and the Vestibulospinal tract

38
Q

Where do Corticobulbar Tracts originate from?

A

the facial region of the motor homunculus within the primary motor cortex

39
Q

Corticobulbar control…

A

eye movements (via CN III, IV, and VI)
cranial, facial, pharyngeal, and laryngeal muscles (via CN V, VII, IX, and X)
some superficial muscles of the back and neck (via CN XI)
intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles (via CN XII)

40
Q

How are pyramids form?

A

Descend from the cerebral cortex through the brainstem and form a pair of thick bulges in the medulla

41
Q

The pyramids continue into….

A

the spinal cord to synapse on lower motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

42
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract:

A

Voluntary movement of limb muscles

43
Q

Anterior corticospinal tract:

A

Voluntary movement of axial muscles

44
Q

What do Axon take?

A

a complex, circuitous route before finally conducting the motor impulse into the spinal cord

45
Q

Rubrospinal tract (Lateral pathway) regulates

A

Regulates and controls precise, discrete movements and tone in flexor muscles of the limbs

46
Q

Reticulospinal tract ( Medial pathway) controls

A

Controls more unskilled automatic movements related to posture and maintaining balance

47
Q

Tectospinal tract (Medial Pathway) regulates

A

Regulates positional changes of the upper limbs, eyes, head, and neck due to visual and auditory stimuli

48
Q

Vestibulospinal tract (Medial Pathway) regulates

A

Regulates muscular activity that helps maintain balance during sitting, standing, and walking

49
Q

What does the cerebral nuclei do?

A

Receive impulses from the entire cerebral cortex

50
Q

Most of the output of the cerebral nuclei goes to…

A

the primary motor cortex.

51
Q

The cerebral nuclei provides….

A

the patterned background movements needed for conscious motor activities

52
Q

When are movements initiated?

A

when commands are received by the primary motor cortex from the motor association areas

53
Q

The cerebral cortex controls…

A

Controls highly variable and complex voluntary motor patterns

54
Q

The cerebral cortex occupies the highest level of

A

processing and motor control

55
Q

Higher-order mental functions are…

A

consciousness, learning, memory, and reasoning

56
Q

Where does the left hemisphere function?

A

in categorization and symbolization. ( science and math)

57
Q

Cerebral Lateralization is the….

A

speech-dominant hemisphere

58
Q

Right hemisphere is called the…

A

representational hemisphere (the seat of imagination)

Anatomy (7 decks)

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