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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What brings in homeostasis?

A

Endocrine system and the nervous system

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2
Q

What methods does the endocrine and nervous system use?

A

communication that affect specific target organs

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3
Q

EXOcrine glands are….

A

secretions released into ducts opening onto an epithelial surface

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4
Q

ENDOcrine glands are…

A

ductless organs that secrete their molecules directly into the bloodstream

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5
Q

What happens if an organ lacks a SPECIFIC receptor?

A

It does NOT respond to its stimulating effects

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6
Q

Peptide hormones

A

formed from chains of amino acids
most of our body’s hormones are peptide hormones
ex: growth hormone

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7
Q

What are longer chains of peptide hormones called?

A

Protein hormone

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8
Q

Steroid hormones

A

type of lipid derived from cholesterol

ex: testosterone

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9
Q

Biogenic amines

A

small molecules produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid
ex: thyroid hormone

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10
Q

What is negative feedback loop?

A

A stimulus starts a process, and eventually the hormone secreted or a product of its effects causes the process to slow down or turn off

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11
Q

What is an example of negative feedback loop?

A

regulation of the blood glucose level

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12
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Accelerates the original process, either to ensure that the pathway continues to run or to speed up its activities

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13
Q

What is an example of positive feedback loop?

A

milk release from mom’s boobies

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14
Q

Master Control Center of endocrine

A

hypothalamus

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15
Q

Hormone in the hypothalamus…

A

secrete hormones that influence the secretory activity of the anterior pituitary gland

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16
Q

Regulatory hormones

A

secreted into the blood to regulate secretion of most anterior pituitary hormones

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17
Q

Hypothalamus has _______ over these endocrine organs

A

Indirect control

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18
Q

What two hormones are transported into the posterior pituitary?

A 
oxytocin 
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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19
Q

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

A

Small, slightly oval gland housed within the hypophyseal
Covered superiorly by the diaphragma sellae
Connected to the hypothalamus by a thin stalk, the infundibulum.
Partitioned both structurally and functionally into an anterior pituitary and a posterior pituitary

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20
Q

What is the pituitary gland controlled by?

A

regulatory hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

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21
Q

How do hormones reach the anterior pituitary?

A

via hypothalamo- hypophyseal portal system

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22
Q

What is hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

A

“shunt” that takes blood carrying regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus directly to the anterior pituitary

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23
Q

What does the Thyroid Gland look like?

A

Butterfly

24
Q

Where do the left and right lobes connected at?

A

The anterior midline by a narrow isthmus

25
Q

Where is the Thyroid cartilage located?

A

inferior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx

anterior to the trachea

26
Q

Where are the Parathyroid Glands located?

A

posterior surface of the thyroid gland

27
Q

What are the two cells in the parathyroid gland?

A

chief and oxyphil cells

28
Q

What do the chief cells do?

A
  • source of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
  • stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium ions from bone matrix into the bloodstream
  • stimulates calcitriol hormone synthesis in the kidney
  • promotes calcium absorption in the small intestine
  • prevents the loss of calcium ions during the formation of urine
29
Q

What do the oxyphil cells do?

A

is not known

30
Q

What are Adrenal Glands (suprarenal)?

A

Paired, pyramid-shaped endocrine glands on the superior surface of each kidney.
Covered in fat and fascia to minimize their movement

31
Q

Why is the Adrenal Cortex yellow?

A

due to stored lipids in its cell

32
Q

What does the Adrenal Cortex synthesize?

A

more than 25 different steroid hormones, called corticosteroids

33
Q

How is corticosteroid synthesis stimulated?

A

ACTH produced by the anterior pituitary

34
Q

What does the Adrenal Cortex regulate?

A

Regulates salt, sugar, and sex!

35
Q

Adrenal Medulla forms…..

A

inner core of each adrenal gland

36
Q

What are chromaffin cells?

A

clusters of large, spherical cells

37
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

innervated by the sympathetic division of the ANS, one population of cells secretes the hormone epinephrine

38
Q

What is nonadrenaline?

A

other population secretes the hormone

39
Q

What do hormones prepare the body for?

A

Emergency or fight-or-flight situation.

40
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

between the duodenum of the small intestine and the spleen

41
Q

What is the pancreas mainly composed of?

A

pancreatic acini

42
Q

What do pancreatic acini produce?

A

alkaline pancreatic juice that aids digestion

43
Q

What are pancreatic islets? (islets of Langerhans)

A

Small clusters scattered among the pancreatic acini

44
Q

Pancreatic islets are composed of four types

A

two major types (called alpha cells and beta cells)

two minor types (called delta cells and F cells)

45
Q

ALPHA cells secrete GLUCAGON when…..

A

blood glucose levels DROPS

46
Q

BETA cells secrete INSULIN when…..

A

blood glucose levels are ELEVATED

47
Q

DELTA cells are stimulated

A

by high levels of nutrients in the bloodstream

48
Q

F cells are stimulated….

A

by protein digestion

49
Q

What is pineal gland?

A

is a small, cone-shaped structure attached to the posterior region of the epithalamus

50
Q

What do pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin

51
Q

What does melatonin do?

A
  • helps regulate a circadian rhythm (24-hour body clock) –responsible for FSH and LH synthesis
  • has a role in sexual maturation however not yet understood
52
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

within the mediastinum superior to the heart, posterior to the sternum

53
Q

The thymus gets smaller as we…

A

age

54
Q

What does the thymus do?

A

associates with the lymphatic system to regulate and maintain body immunity

55
Q

What two hormones does the thymus produce?

A

thymopoietin and thymosins

56
Q

What is T-lymphocytes? (thymus-derived lymphocytes)

A

hormones stimulate and promote the differentiation, growth, and maturation of a category of lymphocytes

Anatomy (7 decks)

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