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BIO 111 > Chapter 17- Biotechnology > Flashcards

Chapter 17- Biotechnology Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

A single molecule made from two different sources

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2
Q

First recombinant DNA was constructed in

A

1970s

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3
Q

Recombinant DNA has the abilty to

A

Isolate and manipulate DNA revolutionized biotechnology

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4
Q

Restriction endonucleases

A

Enzymes that cleave DNA at specific sites

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5
Q

Restriction enzyme significance

A
  • Allow a form of physical mapping
  • Allow creation of recombinant DNA molecules
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6
Q

Type I and III

A

Cleave with less precision, not used in manipulating DNA

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7
Q

Type II recognize

A

Specific DNA sequences

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8
Q

Type II cleave

A

At specific site with sequence

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9
Q

Type II can lead to

A

“Sticky ends” that can be joined

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10
Q

DNA ligase

A

Joins two fragments forming a stable DNA molecule

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11
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Seperate DNA fragments by size

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12
Q

Gel made of

A

Agarose or polyacrylamide

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13
Q

Gel is submersed in

A

Buffer that can carry current

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

Negatively charged DNA

A

Migrates towards the positive pole

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16
Q

Larger fragments move ____, smaller move ____

A

Slower, faster

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17
Q

DNA visualized using

A

Fluorescent dyes

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18
Q

PCR developed by

A

Kary Mullis in 1993

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19
Q

PCR

A

Allows the amplification of small DNA fragment using primers that flank the region

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20
Q

1st step of PCR

A

Denaturation (high temp)

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21
Q

2nd step of PCR

A

Annealing of primers (low temp)

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22
Q

3rd step of PCR

A

DNA synthesis (intermediate temp)

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23
Q

Taq polymerase

A

Most common enzyme used for PCR amplification

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24
Q

PCR allows for

A

The investigation of minute samples of DNA

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25
PCR can detect
Genetic defects in embryos by analyzing a single cell
26
PCR can analyze
Mitochondrial DNA from early human species
27
Transformation
Introduction of DNA from an outside source into a cell
28
Clone
Gentically identical copy
29
Molecular cloning
Isolation of a specific DNA sequence (usually protein-encoding)
30
Most flexible and common host for cloning
E. coli
31
Vector
Carries DNA in host and can replicate in the host
32
Plasmids
Small, circular chromosomes
33
Plasmids are used for
Cloning small pieces of DNA
34
Origin of replication for plasmids
Allows independent replication
35
Selectable marker for plasmids
Allows for presence of plasmid to be easily identified
36
Plasmids have
Mutiple cloning sites
37
Plasmids have a limited
Insert size
38
YACs
Yeast artifical chromosomes
39
BACs
Bacterial artifical chromosomes
40
Reverse transcriptase
Can use RNA as a template to make DNA
41
cDNA (complementary DNA)
DNA made from copying mRNA
42
Complete mixture of DNA
Collection of DNAs in a vector that taken together
43
Genomic library
Representation of the entire genome in a vector
44
cDNA
DNA copies of mRNA
45
mRNA isolated
Represents only actively used genes, no introns
46
cDNA using to make a
Library
47
All genomic libraries will be the ____, but cDNA libraries can be ____
Same, different
48
RT-qPCR
Quantitative RT-PCR
49
Quantitative RT-PCR
Isolates mRNA, converting to cDNA using RT, then using PCR to amplify specific cDNAs
50
Amount of DNA (RT-PCR)
Can be measured in real time by machine
51
Molecular hybridization (annealing)
Technique used to identify specific DNAs in complex mixtures such as libraries
52
Molecular hybridization is most common way to
Identify a clone in DNA library
53
Molecular hybridization 1st step
Plating the library
54
Physically the library is
A collection of bacteria or viruses in bacteria
55
Molecular hybridization 2nd step
Replicating the library
56
Molecular hybridization 3rd step
Screening the library
57
Probe is the
Specific sequence of interest
58
Restriction maps
Needed to analyze and compare cloned DNAs
59
Sample DNA in Southern blotting
Digested by restriction enzymes and seperated by gel electrophoresis
60
Double-stranded DNA in Southern blotting
Denatured into single-strands
61
Gel in Southern blotting
"Blotted" with filter paper to transfer DNA
62
Northern blotting
mRNA seperated by electrophoresis and blotted onto filter
63
Western blotting
Proteins seperated by electrophoresis and blotted onto filter
64
RFLP
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms
65
DNA fingerprinting
Identification technique used to detect differences in the DNA of individuals
66
CODIS stores data from
13 regions
67
CODIS collects data on
20 loci
68
DNA sequencing
Determination of actual base sequence of DNA
69
Automated DNA sequencing
Enzymatic technique is powerful but it labor-intensive and time-consuming
70
Genetic engineering
Expression vectors contain the sequences necessary to express inserted DNA in a specific cell type
71
In vitro mutagenesis
Ability to create mutations at any site in a cloned gene
72
TALE proteins
Different TALE repeat domains bind to different nucleotides
73
CRISPR
A guide RNA targets Cas9 to a gene that matches the guide RNA sequence
74
Medical applications
Medically important proteins can be produced in bacteria
75
Subunit vaccines
Injection of harmless recombinant virus leads to immunity
76
DNA vaccines
Depend on the cellular immune response (not antibodies)
77
Gene thearpy
Adding a fucntional copy of a gene to correct a hereditary disorder
78
Reproductive cloning
Desired end is an individual exactly like the original
79
Animal cloning
Farm animals with desirable traits commonly cloned
80
Therapeutic cloning
Desired end is mature cells for - Learning more about cell specialization - Use in treating human illnesses
81
Embryonic stem cells
Common but ethical concerns
82
Adult stem cless
Limited in number of cells they can become
83
Ti plasmid
Most used vector for plant genetic engineering
84
Gene guns
Uses bombardement with tiny gold particles coated with DNA
85
Herbicide resistance
Broadleaf plants have been engineered to be resistant to the herbicide glyphosate
86
Bt crops
Insecticidal proteins have been transferred into crop plants to make them pest-resistant
87
Stacked crops
Both glyphosate-resistant and Bt-producing
88
Golden rice
Rice that has been genetically modified to produce b-carotene
89
Biopharming
Transgenic plants are used to produce pharmaceuticals

BIO 111 (15 decks)

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