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Old Classes > Chapter 17- Digestion > Flashcards

Chapter 17- Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

Heterotropic

A

Animals

Unable to synthesize their own nutrients

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2
Q

Intracellular digestion

A

Occurs within the cell, usually in membrane bound vesicles

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3
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

Digestive process that occurs outside of the cell, within a lumen or a tract

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4
Q

In unicellular organisms, food capture is effected primarily by:

A

Phagocytosis

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5
Q

When do food vacuoles form?

A

Immediately after digestion

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6
Q

How does ingestion occur in amoeba

A

Pseudopods surround and engulf food (phagocytosis) and enclose it in food vacuoles.

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7
Q

digestion in amoeba

A

Contain digestive enzymes fuse with food vacuole in amoeba and release their digestive enzymes that act upon the nutrients- resulting simpler molecules diffuse into the cytoplasm

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8
Q

Excretion in amoeba

A

Eliminated from the vacuole

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9
Q

Ingestion in paramecium

A

Cilia sweep food into the oral groove and cytopharynx- a food vacuole forms around the lower end of the cytopharynx, which breaks off and goes to the anterior of the cell

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10
Q

Digestion in paramecium

A

Enzymes are secreted into the vacuole and the products diffuse into the cytoplasm

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11
Q

Excretion in paramecium

A

Solid wastes are expelled at the anal pore.

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12
Q

Physical breakdown

A

Multicellular organisms– in mouth and churning in digestive tract

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13
Q

Chemical breakdown in invertebrates

A

Accomplished by enzymatic hydrolysis

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14
Q

Digestion in cnidarians

A

Both intra and extracellular
Use tentacles to ingest and release particles into cup-like sac
Enzyme secreted into cavity from endodermal cells

Digestion mostly extracellular- but once food is reduced to small fragmets, the gastrodermal cells engulf nutrients and digestion is completed intracellularly.

Undig. food expelled through mouth

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15
Q

Digestion in annelids

A

One way tract- mouth to anus
Specializedparts
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop (stores food), gizzard (grinds food), intestine (increase surface area- hypholosole) and anus

Soluble food passes thorough walls of small intestine to the blood thru diffusion

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16
Q

Digestion in arthropods

A

Similar to earthworm. Jaws for chewing and salivary glands to improve food digestion

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17
Q

Human digestive tranct

A 
Oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine 
the anus
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18
Q

Accessory organs of the digestive tract

A

Salivary glands,pancreas, liver, gall badder

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19
Q

Oral cavity in human

A

Mechanical (mastication) and chemical digestion of food begins
Chemical- saliva lubricates food and contains amylase (ptyalin)- hydrolyzes starch to maltose.

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20
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube leading from the moth to the stomach

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21
Q

Perstalsis

A

How food is moved down the esophagus

Rhythmic waves of involuntary muscular contractions

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22
Q

Where does the body of the esophagus lie?

A

Within the thoracic cavity, which is negatively pressured on inhalation.
Abdominal cavity positive pressure gradient

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23
Q

GERD

A

occurs when pressure gradient favor a continual gastric materials into the esophagus.

Gastroesophageal reflux

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24
Q

How may GERD occur

A

Spontaneous lower esophageal sphincter relax- not associated with swallowing

Resting pressure of lower esophageal sphincter goes owe gastric baseline pressure

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25
What is the stomach and where is it located
A large muscular organ located in the upper abdomen
26
What does the stomach do?
Stores partially digested food
27
What are the walls of the stomach lined by?
Gastric mucosa- which contain glands that secrete mucus
28
What does mucus in the stomach do?
Protects the stomach lining from the harshly acidic juices present in the stomach.
29
Glands in the gastic mucosa also secrete
Pepsin, a protein hydrolyzing enzyme, and HCl, which kills bacteria and breaks down food and also activates proteins
30
Chief cells
Synthesize pepsinogen
31
Parietal cells
Synthesize and release HCl and intrinsic factor
32
Churning of the stomach produces:
an acidic semifluid mixture and partially digested food known as chyme0 which passes into the first segment of the small intestine, the duidenum, thorugh the pyloric sphincter
33
Chemical digestion is completed in
The small intestine
34
The small intestine is divided into
duodenum jejunum ileum
35
The small intestine is highly adapted to:
Absorption
36
Villi
Fingerlike projection that increase the surface area of the small intestine that extend out of the intestinal wall.
37
What do the villi contain?
Capillaries and lacteals
38
Amino acids and monosaccharides pass through the villi walls into the:
capillary suystem
39
Large fatty acids and glycerold pass into the
Lacteals and are then reconverted into fats
40
What nutrients are actively absorbed and which ones are passively absorbed?
Actively- glucose and amino acids | Passively- rest of them
41
Where does most of the digestion occur in the small intestine?
the duodenum, where secretions of the intestinal glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder mix together with the acidic chyme entering from the stomach.
42
Lipase
Secreted by the intesinal mucosa- for fat digestion
43
Aminopeptidases
Secreted by the intesinal mucosa- for polypeptide digestion
44
Disaccharideases
Secreted by the intesinal mucosa- for maltose, lactose and sucrose digestion
45
Lactase
Disaccharidase- breaks down lactose or milk sugar | present in infants
46
Parietal cell secrete
HCl and intrinsic factor
47
Gastrin
Produced in the G cells of the duodenum, stimulates HCl, histamine, and pepsinogen secretion as well as increase gastric blood flow.
48
What happens after gastrin stimulates parietal cells
Release of HCl, which denatures proteins and activates digestive enzymes
49
Intrinsic factor
absorption of vitamin B12
50
Cholecystokinin
Produced in the I cells of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa Involved in stimulation of pancreatic enzymes stores in the S cells of the upper intestine Stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate-containing substances from the pancreas and inhibits gastric emptying and gastric acid production
51
Liver
produces bile
52
gall bladder
stores bile before releasing it to the small intestine
53
What does bile do?
does NOT contain enzymes, it emulsified fats, breaking down large globules into small droplets.
54
Why is fat emulsified?
It exposes fats to a greater surface area to the action of pancreatic lipase.
55
If there is not bile
Then fats cannot by digested
56
Other functions of the liver:
Storage of glycogen, conversion of ammonia to urea, protein synthesis, detoxification and cholesterol metabolism.
57
Pancreas
Produces amylase, trypsin and lipase Releases chymotrypsin and enterokinase, which cleaves chymotrypsin to make trypsin
58
What does trypsin do
cleaves and activates other zymogens
59
How does the pancreas neutralize acidic chyme?
It secretes a bicarbonate-rich juice
60
Large intestine
Absorbs salts and water not already absorbed by small intestine.
61
Rectum
Stores feces before elimination though anus
62
Plants and digestion
Have no digestion system
63
Intracellular digestion in plants
Stores insoluble polymers, starches, lipid, and proteins in the cell
64
Starch
Found in seeds, stems and root principal storage food Is a glucose polysaccharide
65
When nutrients are required in plants,what happens?
Hydrolysis (enzyme) break down storage polymers into simpler molecules
66
Extracellular digestion in plants
Used by fungi
67
Rhizoids
In bread mold Saprophyte lives on dead organic material that secretes material int othe bread Digestion produces simple and soluble products that are absorbed by diffusion.
68
Fungi
Heterotrophic- get nutrients from the environment

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