Chapter 17 - Endocrine Summary

Question 1

When blood pressure falls, what hormones attempt to restore its normal pressure?

Answer 1

Aldosterone and ADH

Question 2

What are some examples of exocrine function?

Answer 2

Salivary glands, oil glands, sweat glands

Question 3

Where are the receptors for a lipid-based hormone?

Answer 3

In the nucleus of target cells

Question 4

Where in the body is the endocrine system located?

Answer 4

Scattered throughout

Question 5

Long-term stress can lead to what?

Answer 5

Endocrine-related illnesses like hypothyroidism, adrenal fatigue, chronic fatigue, diabetes, cancers, etc.

Question 6

Which hormones are tropic but don’t have the word tropic in their name?

Answer 6

TSH, LH, and FSH

Question 7

What is another name of the second messenger system?

Answer 7

Peptide hormones

Question 8

How do second messenger systems work?

Answer 8

Water-soluble, amino acid-based hormones trigger cascade processes at the cell membrane to influence changes in transcription. Hormone is 1st messenger, binds to receptor, activates G-proteins, activate cAMP to activate enzymes and cellular secretions

Question 9

What kind of feedback do most hormones use?

Answer 9

Negative feedback (ex. HPT axis, HPA axis)

Question 10

What is oxytocin an example of?

Answer 10

Positive feedback

Question 11

What is the primary role of the endocrine system?

Answer 11

Production and regulation of hormones and internal communication system

Question 12

If a hormone is not lipid-based, what system does it used to influence transcription?

Answer 12

Second messenger system

Question 13

What systems are controlled by homeostasis?

Answer 13

1. Metabolism 2. Growth 3. Reproduction 4. Glucose 5. Na, K, Ca 6. Water 7. Stress

Question 14

What is cAMP?

Answer 14

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate - the second messenger

Question 15

What controls which genes a cell expresses?

Answer 15

Genetically-controlled transcription

Question 16

What hormone uses osmosis to exert its effect?

Answer 16

ADH

Question 17

HPG Axis

What does the G stand for?

Answer 17

Gonad

Hypothalamus

GnRH

Pituitary

FSH (LH)

Gonads

Estrogen and Testosterone

Question 18

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine function?

Answer 18

Endocrine secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream Exocrine uses ducts

Question 19

HPA Axis

Answer 19

Hypothalamus

CRH

Anterior Pituitary

ACTH

Adrenal

Cortisol

Question 20

What do endocrine glands help the body adapt to?

Answer 20

Changes in the environment, like stress (mental, physical, or emotional)

Question 21

What is tropism?

Answer 21

The affinity of certain hormones for specific receptors on other endocrine glands

Question 22

What secretes hormones like epinephrine (adrenaline), ADH, and oxytocin?

Answer 22

Neurons

Question 23

What is a secondary disorder?

Answer 23

The gland is responding properly, but there is a breakdown somewhere else in the body

Question 24

What hormone is produced through a positive feedback loop?

Answer 24

Oxytocin

Question 25

It is suggested that what are the chemical mediators for emotions?

Answer 25

Hormones

Question 26

Which hormones facilitate an increase in blood glucose concentrations?

Answer 26

Glucagon, cortisol, kind of norepi/epi (under stress)

Question 27

Does the pancreas use the endocrine or exocrine function?

Answer 27

Both: endocrine releases insulin and glucagon directly to blood, exocrine channels 98% of the hormones into the pancreatic duct

Question 28

Which hormones enter the cell and directly influence DNA transcription and RNA translation?

Answer 28

Lipid-based hormones

Question 29

HPT Axis

Answer 29

Hypothalamus TRH Anterior Pituitary TSH Thyroid T4/T3

Question 30

What are the relatives of hormones that enable animals to communicate with animals of the same species?

Answer 30

Pheremones

Question 31

What 4 physiology concepts does the endocrine system utilize?

Answer 31

Positive feedback, negative feedback, tropism, homeostasis

Question 32

How do endocrine glands work together?

Answer 32

In a cascade effect (ex. HPA axis)

Question 33

How many known hormones are there in humans?

Answer 33

50

Question 34

How does the endocrine system function?

Answer 34

Slower than the nervous system but with longer lasting effects

Question 35

Where are lipids soluble?

Answer 35

In cell membranes

Question 36

Which gland is situated above the thalamus?

Answer 36

Hypothalamus

Question 37

Which glands are found in the lower neck?

Answer 37

thyroid

Question 38

Which gland hangs by the infundibulum?

Answer 38

Pituitary

Question 39

Which gland is found behind the sternum?

Answer 39

Thymus

Question 40

What is another name for lipid-based hormones?

Answer 40

Steroid hormones

Question 41

What do pheremones do?

Answer 41

They are secreted by exocrine glands and are responsible for syncing menstrual cycles, mate attractants, territory marking, and trail marking (in ants)

Question 42

When blood pressure falls, what hormones attempt to restore its normal pressure?

Answer 42

Aldosterone and ADH

Question 43

What secretes minute amounts of hormones into the bloodstream without using ducts?

Answer 43

The endocrine system

Question 44

Which hormones are stimulated through alterations in blood contents of various components?

Answer 44

Insulin, glucagon, aldosterone, PTH, calcitonin, ADH

Question 45

Which hormones work in anagonistic pairs?

Answer 45

* leptin-ghrelin * insulin-glucagon * calcitonin-PTH

Question 46

Which gland sits above the kidneys?

Answer 46

Adrenal

Question 47

What do hormones do within a cell?

Answer 47

Alter functions such as transciption, metabolism, ect.

Question 48

What is homeostasis?

Answer 48

The tendency of an organism to return to a balanced state

Question 49

Which hormones have their primary effect at the level of the kidneys?

Answer 49

PTH, Aldosterone, ADH

Question 50

What is a primary endocrine disorder?

Answer 50

A disorder where the gland itself is either over or under-producing hormones