Lecture Quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
How does the transverse plane divide the body?
A
Into upper and lower portions
2
Q
3+ monosaccharides linked together via dehydration synthesis
A
Polysaccharides
3
Q
Atomic Mass
A
Added number of protons and neutrons
4
Q
Cranial
A
Towards the head
5
Q
Highly-branched glucose found in liver, muscle cells, brain, and vagina
A
Glycogen
6
Q
Umbilical is another name for…?
A
The navel or belly button
7
Q
Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose and deoxyribose are all what?
A
Monosaccharides
8
Q
Protein
A
Several linked polypeptides
9
Q
pH
A
Measure of ability and willingness of compound to relase or donate H+
10
Q
How are fatty acids primarily stored?
A
In triglycerides
11
Q
Phospholipids
A
Triglyceride but with phosphate instead of fatty acid
12
Q
Name 3 polysaccharides
A
- Glycogen
- Starch
- Cellulose
13
Q
Upper arm
A
Brachium
14
Q
Acid
A
Donate H+
15
Q
How does the sagittal plane divide the body?
A
Into left and right halves
16
Q
Builds on itself, creating increasingly intense reaction
A
Positive Feedback Loop
17
Q
Simple sugars are also called what?
A
Monosaccharides
18
Q
Lateral
A
Toward side
19
Q
Where does glycolysis happen?
A
Cytoplasm/ intracellular fluid
20
Q
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes
A
Regulate inflammation
E1 and E3 reduce it, E2 creates it
21
Q
Hydrogen Bond
A
Weak and temporary bond that allows molecules to be flexible (ex. water)
22
Q
Lumbar
A
Lower back
23
Q
What do atoms love most?
A
To have their outer shell filled
24
Q
Organization Levels
A
- atom
- molecule
- macromolecule
- organelle
- cell
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
- organism
25
Ionic bonds
When atoms join by giving and taking electrons
(ex. NaCl)
26
Atomic Number
Number of protons in the atom (ex. Carbon is 6)
27
List the 6 functions of proteins
1. energy
2. structure
3. catalyst of reaction
4. communication
5. membrane transport
6. cell recognition
28
The axilla is another name for...?
The armpit
29
Components of sucrose
glucose and fructose
30
Sacral
Midline region at the top of the buttocks, below lumbar
31
Electron shells
1. 2
2. 8
32
Enzyme definition
proteins that are the catalyst of reactions
(Name ends in -ase)
33
Polypeptide
4+ AA
34
Proximal
Closer to central point of reference/attachment
35
Chest, heart, lungs, and thymus gland are found in this region
Thorax
36
Which enzyme breaks down starch?
Amylase
37
pH scale generalized
* 0 is acidic
* 7 is neutral
* 14 is basic
38
What are the primary planes of the body?
Sagittal, Coronal/frontal, Transverse
39
Two examples of positive feedback loop
Oxytocin/labor contraction loop;
Blood clotting
40
Feedback in which changes in the body are countered by reactions to stop the change
Negative feedback loop
41
Covalent Bonds
sharing electrons between several atoms; primarily in carbon-based compounds
42
Enzymes go ______ in heat
Faster
(they denature if heated too much, ex. eggs)
43
3 forms of RNA
1. mRNA - messenger, describes AA to make
2. tRNA - transfer, place AA
3. rRNA - ribosomal, creates structure of ribosomes
44
Building block of protein
Amino Acid
45
This is below the diaphragm and contains digestive organs
Abdomen
46
Which body region contains the head and brain?
Cranial region
47
The midline of the body is known as the...?
Axial region
48
Diglyceride + hydrolysis =
1 free fatty acid + monoglyceride
49
Gluconeogenesis
Reverse glycolysis - starts with pyruvic acid and produces glucose
50
What are the two main divisions of body regions?
Axial (midline of body) and Appendicular (arms and legs)
51
Forearm
Antebrachium
52
What is the primary energy currency of the body?
ATP
53
Posterior
Toward back
54
What is an EFA?
An essential fatty acid, not manufactured by the body, mostly anti-inflammatory, ex. omega-3 and 6
55
Steroids
Lipid in 4 rings, cholesterol makes all of them
56
Tripeptide
3 AA in a strand
57
Long strand of amino acids linked by peptide bond
Protein
58
Polysaccharides found in plant cell walls, undigestable for humans, fiber
Cellulose
59
Alkaline
Receive H+
60
Carries genetic code
DNA
61
What are carbohydrates used for?
* Metabolic fuel
* cell signaling
* DNA
62
Where does Krebs and ETC take place?
Mitochondria
63
3 components of DNA nucleotide
1. Deoxyribose: five-carbon sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous base: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
64
3 Subatomic particles of Atom
1. Proton - positive
2. Neutron - neutral
3. Electron - negative
65
Which sugar does RNA use?
Ribose instead of deoxyribose
66
Superior/Inferior
Above/Below
67
What does lactase do?
Breaks lactose down into its monosaccharides - glucose and galactose
68
Ventral
Toward belly (anterior in humans)
69
Distal
More distant from the central point of reference/attachment
70
Pelvic
Lower abdomen and hip area
71
Front of elbow
Antecubital
72
What links together amino acids?
mRNA and tRNA
73
Buttocks
Gluteal
74
Negative Feedback Loop Examples
Blood sugar;
Holding Breath;
Electrolytes;
Hormones;
pH
75
Dorsal
Toward back (posterior in humans)
76
Components of Lactose
glucose and galactose
77
What cycles are the primary producers of ATP?
Kreb's Cycle and Electron Transport Chain
78
The neck is a part of the ________ region?
Nuchal
79
What is essential for ATP production?
Oxygen
80
Long strands of glucose found in plants that stores energy
Starch
81
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
82
Which fat/lipid is
* burned for metabolic fuel
* used for insulation
* used for protection and padding
Fatty acids
83
Anterior
Toward front
84
Sphingolipids
signal transmission and cell recognition in nerve cells
85
Disaccharides
2 monosaccharides linked together via dehydration synthesis
86
In what way does the Coronal plane divide the body?
Into front and back halves
87
Inguinal
Sides of groin on lower abdomen
88
Hexosamindase is the enzyme missing in what disease?
Tay-Sach's
89
Triglyceride + hydrolysis =
1 free fatty acid + diglyceride
90
Superior end of femur
Femoral
91
Medial
Toward midline
92
Back of Knee
Popliteal
93
Anatomical Position
94
Anaerobic respiration is what?
Turning glucose into 2 ATP and lactic acid
95
2 AA linked by dehydration synthesis and peptide bond
Dipeptide
96
Components of maltose
glucose and glucose
97
What are the 4 molecules that include ribose?
1. mRNA
2. tRNA
3. rRNA
4. ATP
98
What borders the perimeter of the cell?
Cell membrane
99
What is the molecule in the lipid family composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate group?
Phospholipids
100
Which end of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?
The fatty acid end
101
What is the phosphate end of a phospholipid?
Hydrophilic
102
Lipid bilayer
* two-layer lipid membrane
* 97% of cell membrane
* phosphates outside
* fatty acids inside
103
What makes the cell membrane both more fluid and more stiff?
Cholesterol
* Fluid when cholesterols clump
* stiff by holding phospholipids still
* 20% of membrane
104
What are phospholipids with short chains of carbohydrates that face outside the cell?
Glycolipids
105
What helps form the glycocalyx?
Glycolipids
106
2 functions of transmembrane proteins
1. channel proteins - channel/pore moves ions across membrane
2. carrier proteins - bind to glucose and electrolytes to transfer across membrane (ex. active transport Na+/K+ pump)
107
"Identification tags" on the outside of the cell
Glycoproteins
* "me" or "not me" identifiers
* Part of glycocalyx
108
What do hormones bind to?
Receptors that trigger changes indside the cell
109
Hormones can go to what 2 places?
1. cell nucleus to change DNA transcription
2. outside of cell to change phosophoraylation of molecules in the cell
110
Hair-like structures that beat in a sweeping motions causeing substances to move along a tube
Cilia, ex. move egg along fallopian tube or lung secretions up trachea
111
Flagella
Whip-like tail found on sperm
112
Does the cell membrane contain nucleic acid?
No
113
What determines the health of the cell membrane?
Me! What we eat dictates the formation of the cells
114
Diffusion
substances moving from an area of higher to less concentration
115
If a membrane doesn't let a substance across it is called?
Impermeable
116
Neurons and mitochondria are impermeable to certain ions to what effect?
Creating a build-up of ions on one side and then selectively letting them through using gated channels
117
Osmosis golden rules
1. Salt sucks!
2. water follow salt
118
Utilizes ATP to pump substances against their concentration gradient
Active transport
ex. Na+/K+ NAKA pump, 3 sodium out, 2 potassium in, requires 1 ATP each turn
119
House of DNA
Nucleus
120
Holds genetic code in two strands
DNA
121
Function of DNA
code for proteins
DNA gives amino acid sequence code
122
Transcription
transcribing the DNA into mRNA sequence
123
Translation
mRNA leaves nucleus and goes toward ribosome which creates a protein based on that specific nucleotide sequence
124
Normal cell functioning
interphase
125
Three phases of interphase
1. G1 phase (Gap 1) - initial growth, normal metabolic function
2. S Phase - replication of DNA
3. G2 phase (Gap 2) - preparation for mitosis
126
Replication
Doubling of DNA in preparation to divide
127
Mitosis
4 step process of cell division
128
4 Phases of Mitosis
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
5. Pay Me Any Time
129
Smooth ER
involved in lipid and steroid syntheisis and alcohol detox
130
Rough ER
houses ribosomes, sites of protein synthesis, encases the proteins in transport vesicle which goes to Golgi
131
Where are proteins synthesized?
Ribosomes
132
Function of mRNA and tRNA in ribosome?
* mRNA is fed through the ribosome
* tRNA bring amino acids to put into the correct order
133
Post office of the organelles?
Golgi complex; tags proteins by adding carbohydrate chain which tells cell where to take protein
134
What happens when proteins need to leave the cell?
They are encased by transport vesicles in the Golgi and taken out of the cell through exocytosis
135
Lysosome
Digest dead of dying cells with powerful enzymes
136
Cell death
apoptosis
137
Powerhouse of cell
Mitochondria
138
What does the mitochondria do?
* generates ATP
* Houses Kreb's and ETC
* utilizes O2 as a hydrogen acceptor and creates water
139
Enzyme that puts the third p in ATP
ATP synthase
140
