Chapter 17: Endocrine System Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
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Endocrine system
A
composed of ductless glands that synthesize and secrete hormones
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Q
the endocrine system has _______________ processing and causes _______________ changes
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long-term processing/long-lasting
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Q
hormones are ____________ messengers that are called ____________
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chemical/ligands
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target cells
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have the specific receptors for a hormone; are the destinations for hormones
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endocrine glands lack ________ unlike exocrine glands
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ducts
6
Q
hormones molecules are transported within the blood from the endocrine gland’s associated capillaries by the ____________________________ to all body tissues
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cardiovascular system
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general functions of the endocrine system
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- regulating development, growth, and metabolism
- maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume
- controlling digestive processes
- controlling reproductive activities
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endocrine system regulating development, growth, and metabolism
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- embryonic cell division and differentiation
- metabolism
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endocrine system maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume
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- blood solute concentration
- blood volume, cellular concentration, and platelet number
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endocrine system controlling digestive processes
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secretory processes and movement of materials in the digestive tract
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endocrine system reproductive activities
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development and function of reproductive systems and the expression of sexual behaviors
12
Q
endocrine glands contain ____________ tissue that makes and releases hormones within a ___________ tissue framework
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epithelial/connective
13
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3 types of endocrine reflexes
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1- hormonal stimulation
2- humoral stimulation
3- nervous system stimulation
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hormonal stimulation
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most common; a gland cell releases its hormone when some other hormone binds to it
15
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humoral stimulation
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most common; negative feedback based on the conditions of the fluid around it
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nervous system stimulation
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neuroendocrine reflex that’s triggered by the NS and finished by the endocrine system
17
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circulating hormones include
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- steroids
- biogenic amines
- proteins
18
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steroids
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lipid-soluble molecules synthesized from cholesterol
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biogenic amines
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- modified amino acids/ amino acid derivative
- water-soluble except for thyroid hormone (TH)
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proteins
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- water-soluble chains of amino acids
- amino acids are the building blocks
- most hormones are in this category
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steroids include
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- gonad steroids (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone)
- steroids synthesized in the adrenal cortex (cortisol)
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biogenic amines include
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- thyroid hormone (TH)
- melatonin
- norepinephrine
- epinephrine
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proteins include
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- insulin
- glucagon
24
Q
biogenic amines and proteins must bind to ____________________________ of their target cell and rely on ____________________________ inside the cell to finish their message
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extracellular receptors/second messengers
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local hormones
paracrine factors; don't go far and stay in the interstitial fluid
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local hormones include
- eicosanoids
- prostaglandins
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eicosanoids
a type of local hormone formed from fatty acids with the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane
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prostaglandins
are eicosanoids; stimulate pain and inflammatory responses; interleukin
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lipid-soluble hormones
can diffuse across target cell membranes; are small, nonpolar, and lipophilic
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water-soluble hormones
use extracellular membrane receptors; are polar and can't diffuse across the membrane
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hormone interactions on a target cell
- synergistic interactions
- permissive interactions
- antagonistic interactions
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synergistic interactions
hormones work together to produce a greater effect
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permissive interaction
first hormone allows action of second hormone
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antagonistic interaction
one hormone cause opposite effect of another hormone
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hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
the hypothalamus produces the antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin, which is released into the posterior pituitary gland; somas in supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus
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supraoptic nucleus
produces ADH
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paraventricular nucleus
produces oxytocin
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
water conserving hormone:
- decrease urine production
- stimulate thirst
- constrict blood vessels
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oxytocin
- uterine contraction
- milk ejection
- emotional bonding
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hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
blood vessels connects hypothalamus to anterior pituitary; contains the:
- primary plexus
- secondary plexus
- hypophyseal portal veins
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the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system (anterior pituitary) produces 6 hormones
1- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
2- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
3- growth hormone (GH)
4- prolactin (PRL)
5- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
6- luteinizing hormone (LH)
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hypothalamus releasing hormones
- thyrotropin-releasing hormone
- prolactin-releasing hormone
- gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- corticotropin-releasing hormone
- growth hormone-releasing hormone
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hypothalamus inhibiting hormones
- prolactin-inhibiting hormone
- growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
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primary plexus
porous capillary network associated with hypothalamus
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secondary plexus
capillary network associated with anterior pituitary
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hypophyseal portal veins
drain primary plexus and transport to secondary plexus
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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- released triggered by TRH
- causes release of TH from thyroid gland
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prolactin (PRL)
- release triggered by PRH
- inhibited by PIH
- causes milk production, mammary growth
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- release triggered by CRH
- causes the release of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex> glucocorticoids
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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
- release triggered by GnRH
- in female: regulate ovarian development and secretion of estrogen/progesterone
- in male: sperm development and secretion of testosterone
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growth hormone (GH)
- causes liver to secrete insulin-like growth factors (IGF)
- GH and IGF function synergistically to stimulate cell growth and division
- target muscles, bones, liver, and adipose connective tissue
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amount of GHRH released from the hypothalamus impacted by
- persons age
- time of day
- nutrient levels
- stress
- exercise
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glycogenolysis
- breakdown of glycogen into glucose
- stimulated by GH, TH, cortisol, and glucagon
- inhibited by insulin
- releasing fuel
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gluconeogenesis
- conversion of nutrients to glucose
- stimulated
- making a new glucose molecule
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glycogenesis
- synthesis of glycogen
- inhibited with glucagon, cortisol, TH, and GH
- stimulated with insulin
- storing fuel
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lipolysis
- breakdown of triglycerides
- stimulated
- increased, releasing fuel
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lipogenesis
- formation of triglycerides
- inhibited with GH, cortisol, glucagon and TH
- stimulated with insulin
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pituitary dwarfism
inadequate GH production
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pituitary gigantism
over secretion of GH
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acromegaly
excessive GH production after epiphyseal plates have closed
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isthmus
midline between left and right lobes of the thyroid gland
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follicular cells
cuboidal epithelial cells that surround a central lumen, synthesize thyroglobulin (TGB); makes TH
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follicle lumen houses ___________
colloid
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colloid
a viscous, protein-rich fluid
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parafollicular cells
cells between follicles, make calcitonin
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calcitonin
hormone that decreases blood calcium levels
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hypothalamus releases _____ to the anterior pituitary that releases _______ to the follicular cells within the thyroid which releases _______
TRH/TSH/TH
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follicular cells release 2 forms of TH to the blood
T3 and T4 which are transported to the blood through carrier molecules
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process of release of T3 and T4
1- iodide ion uptake
2- iodine molecule formation and thyroglobulin synthesis
3- endocytosis
4- release of T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin
5- release of T3 and T4 into the bloodstream
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effects of thyroid hormone
- cellular transport brings TH into target cells, binds the receptor
- TH increases metabolic rate and protein synthesis in targets
- stimulates increased amino acid and glucose uptake
- fosters energy (ATP) production
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calorigenic
- generates heat
- raises the temperature
- it tells cells to use energy
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hyperthyroidism
- results from excessive production of TH
- increased metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, heat intolerance
- caused by T4 ingestion, excessive stimulation by the pituitary, or loss of feedback control in the thyroid
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graves disease
- too much TH
- formation of autoantibodies that mimic TSH
- autoantibodies bind to TSH receptors on follicular cells causing an abnormally high production of TH
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hypothyroidism
- results from decreased production of TH
- low metabolic rate, lethargy, cold intolerance, weight gain
- caused by decreased iodine intake, loss of pituitary stimulation of the thyroid, postsurgical, or immune system destruction of the thyroid
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goiter
- enlargement of thyroid
- typically due to insufficient dietary iodine
- lack of dietary iodine preventing thyroid from producing thyroid hormone
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calcitonin
- synthesized and released from parafollicular cells of thyroid gland
- stimulus for release is high blood calcium or stress from exercise and acts to decrease blood calcium levels by:
1- inhibiting osteoclast activity
2- stimulate kidneys to increase excretion of calcium in urine
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adrenal medulla
- forms inner core of each adrenal gland
- releases epinephrine and norepinephrine with sympathetic stimulation
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adrenal cortex
- synthesizes corticosteroids
- three regions producing different steroid hormones:
1- zona glomerulosa
2- zona fasciculata
3- inner zona reticularis
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zona glomerulosa
- thin, outer cortical layer
- mineralocorticoids made here (aldosterone)
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mineralocorticoids
hormones that regulate electrolyte levels
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aldosterone
fosters Na+ retention and K+ secretion; increases BP
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zona fasciculata
- larger, middle cortical layer
- glucocorticoids made here (cortisol)
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glucocorticoids
hormones that regulate blood sugar
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cortisol
increases blood sugar (during stress) and decreases immune system (inflammation)
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zona reticularis
- thin, inner cortical layer
- gonadocorticoids made here (androgens)
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gonadocorticoids
sex hormones
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androgens
male sex hormones made by adrenals and converted to estrogen in females
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effects of cortisol
- liver cells increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; decrease glycogenesis
- adipose cells increase lipolysis and decrease lipogenesis
- many body cells break down proteins to amino acids
- most cells decrease their glucose uptake, sparing it for the brain
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cushing syndrome
- chronic exposure to glucocorticoid hormones
- obesity, hypertension, hirsutism, kidney stones, and menstrual irregularities
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addison disease
- form of adrenal insufficiency
- develops when adrenal glands fail
- weight loss, fatigue and weakness, hypotension, and skin darkening
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hypothalamus releases _______ to the anterior pituitary which releases ________ to the zona fasciculata in the adrenal cortex which releases _______
CRH/ACTH/cortisol
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three stages of stress response
1- alarm reaction
2- stage of resistance
3- stage of exhaustion
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alarm reaction
initial response involving the sympathetic nervous system activation, epinephrine and norepinephrine
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stage of resistance
after the depletion of glycogen stores, the adrenal secretes cortisol (glucocorticoid) to raise blood sugar and help meet energy demands, long-lasting
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stage of exhaustion
depletion of fat stores results in protein breakdown for energy, leading to the weakening of the body and illness
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pancreas has __________ and ___________ functions
endocrine and exocrine
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glucagon
increase glucose in the bloodstream
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the pancreas is made up of
- acinar cells
- pancreatic islets
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acinar cells
- generate exocrine secretions for digestion
- make up the vast majority of pancreas as saclike acini
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pancreatic islets
- contain clusters of endocrine cells
- alpha and beta cells
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alpha cells
secrete glucagon; increases BP
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beta cells
secrete insulin; decreases BP
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diabetes mellitus
- inadequate uptake of glucose from blood
- chronically elevated glucose, blood vessels damaged
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type 1 diabetes
- absent or diminished release of insulin by pancreas
- tends to occur in children and younger individuals
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type 2 diabetes
- from decreased insulin release or insulin effectiveness
- obesity major cause in development
- tends to occur in older individuals, but can occur in young adults
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gestational diabetes
seen in some pregnant women
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hypoglycemia
- glucose levels below abnormal
- insulin overdose, prolonged exercise, alcohol use, liver or kidney dysfunction
- deficiency of glucocorticoids or GH, genetics
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pineal gland
- small unpaired body in the epithalamus of the diencephalon
- secretes melatonin at night
- regulates circadian rhythm and has effects on mood
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parathyroid glands
- small structures located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
- contain chief (principle) and oxyphil cells
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chief (principal) cells
make PTH, which increases blood calcium and activates the calcitriol hormone
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thymus
- epithelial cells secrete thymic hormones/thymosin
- located anterior to the top of the heart
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endocrine tissue in heart atria secretes
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
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ADP
- released when BP is really high
- a hormone that decreases BP
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kidney endocrine cells release
erythropoietin (EPO)
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EPO
- produce more red blood cells
- secretion occurs in response to low blood oxygen
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liver secretions include IGF and the inactive hormone ________________
angiotensinogen
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angiotensinogen
- helps to increase BP
- converted to active angiotensin II by enzymes from the kidney bacteria
- angiotensin II helps raise BP when it starts to fall
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stomach
secretes gastrin
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gastrin
increases secretion and motility in stomach for digestion
