Chapter 23: Respiratory System Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
respiration
A
gas exchange: O2 and CO2
2
Q
pulmonary ventilation
A
movement of gases between atmosphere and alveoli
3
Q
pulmonary/alveolar gas exchange
A
exchange of gases between alveoli and blood
- occurs at the respiratory membrane
4
Q
gas transport
A
transport of gases in blood between lungs and systematic cells; handling of the gases in the bloodstream
5
Q
tissue gas exchange
A
exchange of respiratory gases between the blood and the systematic cells
6
Q
muscles of quiet breathing (eupnea)
A
increase dimensions of the thoracic cavity
- diaphragm
7
Q
muscles of forced inspiration (hyperpnea)
A
pull upward and outward
- sternocleidomastoid
- scalenes
- erector spinae
8
Q
muscles of forced expiration
A
pull downward and inward
- external oblique
9
Q
inspiration
A
inhale
10
Q
expiration
A
exhale
11
Q
when the diaphragm contracts
A
it flattens and drops the thoracic cavity
12
Q
when the diaphragm relaxes
A
it goes back to its concave shape
13
Q
Boyle’s gas law: relationship of volume and pressure
A
inverse relationship between gas pressure and volume
14
Q
pulmonary ventilation
A
- the net movement of O2 from the atmosphere to alveoli during inspiration
- net movement of CO2 from alveoli to atmosphere during expiration
15
Q
pulmonary/alveolar gas exchange
A
- O2 diffuses from alveoli into blood
- CO2 diffuses from blood to alveoli
16
Q
gas transport
A
- O2 is transported from the lungs to systematic cells
- CO2 is transported from systematic cells to lungs
17
Q
tissue gas exchange
A
- O2 diffuses from blood into systematic cells
- CO2 diffuses from systematic cells into blood
18
Q
intrapleural pressure
A
the pressure of the fluid around your lungs
19
Q
intrapulmonary pressure
A
the air pressure inside the lungs
- lungs experience an outward pull
20
Q
atmospheric air pressure
A
air pressure outside the body
- usually around 760 mmHg
21
Q
medullary respiratory center
A
- controls contraction of the diaphragm via phrenic nerve
- controls contraction of external intercostals via intercostal nerves
22
Q
pontine respiratory center
A
- modifies the activity of the nuclei in the medulla
- provides a smooth transition between inspiration and expiration
- erratic breathing results if area is damaged
23
Q
apnea
A
absence of breathing
24
Q
sleep apnea
A
temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
25
eupnea
quiet breathing = 12-15 breaths/min
26
reflexes respond to sensory input from receptors:
- chemoreceptors
- proprioceptors
- baroreceptors
- irritant receptors
27
chemoreceptors
monitor changes in concentrations of H+, PCO2, and PO2
28
chemoreceptors are located in
CSF, carotid bodies, and aortic bodies
29
chemoreceptors stimulate
medullary respiratory center
30
reflexes that alter breathing rate and depth
action of higher brain centers
- hypothalamus increases breathing rate if body is warm
- limbic system alters breathing rate in response to emotions
- The frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex controls voluntary changes in breathing patterns
31
airflow
amount of air moving in and out of the lungs with each breath
32
F=△P/R
F= flow
△P= difference in pressure between the atmosphere and intrapulmonary pressure
R= resistance
33
airflow depends on
- the pressure gradient established established between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure
- the resistance that occurs due to conditions within the airways, lungs, and chest wall
34
baroreceptors are located
within visceral pleura and bronchiole smooth muscle
35
baroreceptors are stimulated by
stretch
36
baroreceptors initiate
the inhalation reflex
37
proprioceptors are located
within joints and muscles
38
proprioceptors stimulated
by body movement
39
pressure gradient
difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure
40
resistance
factors that increase difficulty moving air
41
resistance may be altered by three things
1) change in the elasticity of chest walls and lungs
2) change in bronchiole diameter
3) collapse of alveoli
42
surfactant
keep alveoli open
43
surfactant breaks
water tension
44
air flow is directly related to __________________ and inversely related to ____________
pressure gradient/resistance
45
compliance
- ease with which lungs and chest wall expand
- the easier the lungs expands, the greater the compliance
46
more forceful inspirations of respiratory disorders require high
amounts of energy
47
minute ventilation/pulmonary ventilation (PV)
air moved b/w atmosphere and alveoli in 1 minute
48
tidal volume (TV)
amount of air/breath
49
respiration rate (RR)
of breaths/minute
50
formula for pulmonary ventilation
TVxRR=PV
51
average amount of air that is handled by your lungs every time you breath in and out
500 mL
52
average breaths per minute
12 breaths/min
53
anatomic dead space
air remaining in conducting zone which has no contact with alveoli for gas exchange
54
alveolar ventilation
actual air exposed to alveoli
- less than PV
55
formula to find AV
(TV - anatomic dead space) x RR = AV
(500mL - 150mL) x 12 = 4.2 L/min
56
spirometer
measures respiratory volume
57
tidal volume
amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath during quiet breathing
58
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond tidal volume
- measure of compliance
59
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond tidal volume
- measure of elasticity
60
residual volume
amount of air left in the lungs after the most forceful expiration
61
vital capacity
maximum amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a forced inspiration
62
partial pressure
pressure exerted by EACH gas within a mixture of gases (measured in mm Hg)
- written P with gas symbol (i.e., PCO2)
63
Dalton's law says,
each gas moves independently down its own partial pressure gradient during gas exchange
64
Atm pressure =
760 mm Hg (sea level)
65
Dalton's law
the total pressure in a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures
66
at the resp. membrane
- O2 goes from alveolus to blood
- Co2 goes from blood to alveolus
67
at systemic cells/tissues of the body
- O2 goes from the blood to the systematic tissues
- CO2 goes from the tissues to the blood
68
Henry's law
the solubility of a gas in a liquid is dependent upon:
- partial pressure of the gas in the air
- solubility coefficient of the gas in the liquid
69
Henry's partial pressure
driving force moving gas into liquid
70
solubility coefficient
volume of gas that dissolves in a specified volume of liquid at a given temperature and pressure
71
gases vary in their solubility in water
- CO2 about 24 times as soluble as O2
- N2 about half as soluble as oxygen
72
least to most soluble gases
- N2
- O2
- CO2
73
decompression sickness
diver submerges in water beyond a certain depth, returns quickly to the surface
- N2 forced into blood due to the higher pressure (deep ocean)
74
fast ascent... dissolved N2 bubbles
pop out of solution while still in blood and tissues
75
decompression sickness is treated with
hyperbaric O2 chamber
76
anatomical features of membrane contributing to efficiency
- large surface area (70 square meters)
- minimal thickness (0.5 micrometers)
77
blood's transport of O2 depends on
- solubility coefficient of O2
- the iron of hemoglobin attaches to hemoglobin
78
about ___% of O2 in blood is bound to hemoglobin
98
79
oxyhemoglobin
with bound oxygen
80
deoxyhemoglobin
without bound oxygen
81
CO2 has 3 means of transport in the blood:
1- CO2 dissolved in plasma (7%)
2- CO2 directly attached to Hb (23%)
3- converted to bicarbonate (HCO3-), dissolved in blood plasma (70%)
82
HCO3-
bicarbonate (working form of carbon dioxide)
83
conversion of CO2 to HCO3- at systematic capillaries
1- CO2 movement into erythrocyte
2- formation of HCO3- and H+
3- HCO3- leaves the erythrocyte while Cl- goes into the erythrocyte (chloride shift)
84
formation of HCO3- and H+
- CO2 is joined to H2O to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) by carbonic anhydrase
- H2CO3 splits into bicarbonate and hydrogen ion
85
conversion of HCO3- to CO2 at pulmonary capillaries
1- chloride movement as Cl- moves out
2- formation of CO2 and H2O
3- CO2 movement out of the erythrocyte into an alveolus
86
formation of CO2 and H2O
- HCO3- recombines with H+ to form H2CO3
- H2CO3 dissociates into CO2 and H2O
87
oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve
- saturation increases as PO2 increases
- graphed in the oxygen-hemoglobin curve
88
you get the right shift of the hemoglobin saturation curve when you
drop the pH
89
when your body becomes acidic, hemoglobin releases
oxygen
90
you get a right shift of the hemoglobin saturation curve when the body is
warm
91
a right shift occurs when hemoglobin is
releasing oxygen
92
hyperventilation
breathing rate or depth above the body's demand
93
hypoventilation
breathing too slow (bradypnea) or too shallow (hypopnea)
94
hyperventilation causes _____________ which can result in ______________________
hypocapnia/ respiratory alkalosis
95
respiratory alkalosis
pH will start to get really high in the blood stream
96
hypoventilation causes ___________ which can result in ____________________
hypercapnia/ respiratory acidosis
