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PSYC 375 > Chapter 17 - Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of learning?

A

Relatively permanent change in organism’s behaviour as result of experience

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2
Q

What is the definition of memory?

A

Ability to recall or recognize previous experience

Mental representation of previous experience

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3
Q

What does a memory reflect?

A

Change in the brain

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4
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Animals learn to associate a neutral stimulus with a biologically relevant stimulus

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5
Q

What part of the brain is involved with freeze conditioning?

A

Amygdala

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6
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Animals learn that its actions have consequences

Problem solving!

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7
Q

How is learning displayed in operant conditioning?

A

Response rate and speed of task performance

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8
Q

What was Thorndyke’s operant task?

A

Cat in box - perform tasks to get out and get reward

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9
Q

What can a Skinner box be used for?

A

Classical and operant conditioning

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10
Q

What type of Skinner box setups can there be?

A

Lights, sounds, shocks, bar presses, rewards

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11
Q

What is the Morris Water maze?

A

Mouse starts at different locations and finds hidden escape platform under water
Needs to remember location of platform

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12
Q

What does the Morris Water maze test?

A

Spatial memory

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13
Q

How can the water maze display variation?

A

1) Move platform on next day

2) Platform with visual cue

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14
Q

With the water maze, what is observed with trial 1 and 2?

A

Trial 1 is slow each day but trial 2 and onward is faster on subsequent days

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15
Q

What is a learning set?

A

Understanding how problem can be solved through use of rules that can apply in variety of situations

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16
Q

How is the learning set applicable to the water maze?

A

Rat learns there is a platform and that it’s same for the day, not just the location

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17
Q

What is involved with landmark learning in a water maze?

A

Platform moved after each trial but always same relative to a local cue

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18
Q

What are two types of learning?

A

1) Explicit (Declarative)

2) Implicit (Procedural)

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19
Q

What does explicit learning entail?

A

Conscious learning

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20
Q

What does implicit learning entail?

A

Unconscious learning

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21
Q

How is implicit learning reflected?

A

In improvement in performance (e.g. pursuit rotor task/ star tracing task)

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22
Q

What type of learning is priming?

A

Implicit

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23
Q

What is the Gollin Figure Task?

A

Prevent subject with progressively clearer images until they can identify the object (subsequent presentations can be identified sooner)

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24
Q

How do you get an animal to “tell” you what it knows?

A

Behavior

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25
Q

When a rat goes to the platform in the water maze, what does this show?

A

Explicit knowledge of location

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26
Q

When a rat searches for a platform, what type of learning does this show?

A

Implicit knowledge of learning set

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27
Q

Explicit memory is encoded in what manner?

A

Top-down manner

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28
Q

In explicit memory, what does the cortex create?

A

Mental representation of the goal

29
Q

Implicit memory is encoded how?

A

The way information is perceived, bottom-up

30
Q

Does implicit memory involve a passive or active role in encoding?

A

Passive

31
Q

How is implicit memory processed differently than explicit memory?

A

Different brain areas- less cortical involvement

32
Q

What are sensory modalities?

A

Visual and auditory memories processed in different ways

33
Q

Short term memories involve which lobes?

A

Frontal

34
Q

Long term memories involve which lobes?

A

Temporal lobes (long-term storage of verbal memories)

35
Q

Long term memories involve which lobes?

A

Temporal lobes (long-term storage of verbal memories)

36
Q

Who was Henry Molaison?

A

Patient who suffered from severe epilepsy so he had surgery to remove source of seizures

37
Q

What type of lobectomy did HM have?

A

Bilateral temporal (Hippocampus, amygdala, associated cortical structures)

38
Q

What did HM display after the surgery?

A

Permanent anterograde amnesia but functional implicit memory and normal short term memory

39
Q

In patient NA, what parts of the brain were damaged through fencing foil?

A

Thalamus and maxillary bodies (medial diencephalon)

40
Q

What was observed in patient NA?

A

Anterograde amnesia

41
Q

What characteristic does a patient with Korsakoff’s Disease display?

A

Failure to recall previous experience

Distorted memories to account for memory problems

42
Q

What is Korsakoff caused by?

A

Lack of thiamine

Normal temporal lobes and hippocampus

43
Q

What damage is seen in those with Korsakoff’s Disease?

A

Mammillary bodies

Dorsomedial thalamus

44
Q

What did patient JK show a deficit in?

A

Implicit memory - couldn’t remember how to do simple tasks

45
Q

Patient JK showed a lack of _____ input to which part of the brain?

A

Dopamine, basal ganglia

46
Q

What is the explicit memory circuit?

A

Cortex feeds into:

1) Parahippocampal cortex (visuospatial input) and Perirhinal cortex (visual input)
2) Entorhinal cortex
4) Hippocampus

47
Q

True or false. Information is bidirectional.

A

True

48
Q

Why is information bidirectional?

A

Keeps sensory experience alive

Neocortex is informed that info. is processed in MTL

49
Q

Which task is hippocampal dependent: Visual recognition task or object position task?

A

Object position task

50
Q

Chickadees gather and hide seeds. This is known as…

A

Seed caching

51
Q

Chickadees compared to house sparrows have what?

A

Larger hippocampus

52
Q

People with frontal lobe damage cannot remember what?

A

Temporal orders or seqences

53
Q

People with frontal lobe damage cannot remember what?

A

Temporal orders or sequences

54
Q

Where does the frontal lobe receive input from?

A

All sensory systems

55
Q

The frontal lobe plays a role in short term memory of what?

A

Sensory experience

56
Q

[Explicit memory] What does the medial temporal lobe do?

A

Forms long term memories

57
Q

[Explicit memory] What does the prefrontal lobe do?

A

Maintains short term memories

Memories of chronological order

58
Q

[Explicit memory circuit] What does the basal forebrain do?

A

Maintains appropriate level of arousal for information processing

59
Q

[Implicit memory] Where does the basal ganglia receive input from?

A

Entire cortex and substantial nigra

60
Q

[Implicit memory] Where does the basal ganglia project to?

A

Ventral thalamus

61
Q

[Implicit memory] Where does the ventral thalamus project to?

A

Premotor cortex

62
Q

Emotional memories involves what type of learning?

A

Implicit and explicit

63
Q

Which brain structure is important for coding emotional memories?

A

Amygdala

64
Q

What happens when the amygdala is lesioned?

A

Fear conditioning eliminated

65
Q

True or false. Emotional memories are still intact in patients with impairments to implicit and explicit memory, but with functional amygdala.

A

True

66
Q

What does the radial arm maze involve?

A

Food rewards at ends of arms. Test phase: rat has to enter study arm first + one more arm

67
Q

When the rat has hippocampus damage, is it successful in the radial arm maze?

A

No

68
Q

What is caudate dependent?

A

Response recognition memory
(food at end of arms, start in arm, leave and enter adjacent door - test: start on opposite side, body turns same way to get reward)

69
Q

What is the extra-striate visual cortex required to do (rat experiment)?

A

Push new object to get reward

PSYC 375 (4 decks)

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