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PSYC 375 > Chapter 17 - Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Learning Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

What is the definition of learning?

A

Relatively permanent change in organism’s behaviour as result of experience

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2
Q

What is the definition of memory?

A

Ability to recall or recognize previous experience

Mental representation of previous experience

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3
Q

What does a memory reflect?

A

Change in the brain

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4
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Animals learn to associate a neutral stimulus with a biologically relevant stimulus

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5
Q

What part of the brain is involved with freeze conditioning?

A

Amygdala

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6
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Animals learn that its actions have consequences

Problem solving!

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7
Q

How is learning displayed in operant conditioning?

A

Response rate and speed of task performance

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8
Q

What was Thorndyke’s operant task?

A

Cat in box - perform tasks to get out and get reward

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9
Q

What can a Skinner box be used for?

A

Classical and operant conditioning

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10
Q

What type of Skinner box setups can there be?

A

Lights, sounds, shocks, bar presses, rewards

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11
Q

What is the Morris Water maze?

A

Mouse starts at different locations and finds hidden escape platform under water
Needs to remember location of platform

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12
Q

What does the Morris Water maze test?

A

Spatial memory

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13
Q

How can the water maze display variation?

A

1) Move platform on next day

2) Platform with visual cue

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14
Q

With the water maze, what is observed with trial 1 and 2?

A

Trial 1 is slow each day but trial 2 and onward is faster on subsequent days

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15
Q

What is a learning set?

A

Understanding how problem can be solved through use of rules that can apply in variety of situations

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16
Q

How is the learning set applicable to the water maze?

A

Rat learns there is a platform and that it’s same for the day, not just the location

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17
Q

What is involved with landmark learning in a water maze?

A

Platform moved after each trial but always same relative to a local cue

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18
Q

What are two types of learning?

A

1) Explicit (Declarative)

2) Implicit (Procedural)

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19
Q

What does explicit learning entail?

A

Conscious learning

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20
Q

What does implicit learning entail?

A

Unconscious learning

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21
Q

How is implicit learning reflected?

A

In improvement in performance (e.g. pursuit rotor task/ star tracing task)

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22
Q

What type of learning is priming?

A

Implicit

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23
Q

What is the Gollin Figure Task?

A

Prevent subject with progressively clearer images until they can identify the object (subsequent presentations can be identified sooner)

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24
Q

How do you get an animal to “tell” you what it knows?

A

Behavior

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25
When a rat goes to the platform in the water maze, what does this show?
Explicit knowledge of location
26
When a rat searches for a platform, what type of learning does this show?
Implicit knowledge of learning set
27
Explicit memory is encoded in what manner?
Top-down manner
28
In explicit memory, what does the cortex create?
Mental representation of the goal
29
Implicit memory is encoded how?
The way information is perceived, bottom-up
30
Does implicit memory involve a passive or active role in encoding?
Passive
31
How is implicit memory processed differently than explicit memory?
Different brain areas- less cortical involvement
32
What are sensory modalities?
Visual and auditory memories processed in different ways
33
Short term memories involve which lobes?
Frontal
34
Long term memories involve which lobes?
Temporal lobes (long-term storage of verbal memories)
35
Long term memories involve which lobes?
Temporal lobes (long-term storage of verbal memories)
36
Who was Henry Molaison?
Patient who suffered from severe epilepsy so he had surgery to remove source of seizures
37
What type of lobectomy did HM have?
Bilateral temporal (Hippocampus, amygdala, associated cortical structures)
38
What did HM display after the surgery?
Permanent anterograde amnesia but functional implicit memory and normal short term memory
39
In patient NA, what parts of the brain were damaged through fencing foil?
Thalamus and maxillary bodies (medial diencephalon)
40
What was observed in patient NA?
Anterograde amnesia
41
What characteristic does a patient with Korsakoff's Disease display?
Failure to recall previous experience | Distorted memories to account for memory problems
42
What is Korsakoff caused by?
Lack of thiamine | Normal temporal lobes and hippocampus
43
What damage is seen in those with Korsakoff's Disease?
Mammillary bodies | Dorsomedial thalamus
44
What did patient JK show a deficit in?
Implicit memory - couldn't remember how to do simple tasks
45
Patient JK showed a lack of _____ input to which part of the brain?
Dopamine, basal ganglia
46
What is the explicit memory circuit?
Cortex feeds into: 1) Parahippocampal cortex (visuospatial input) and Perirhinal cortex (visual input) 2) Entorhinal cortex 4) Hippocampus
47
True or false. Information is bidirectional.
True
48
Why is information bidirectional?
Keeps sensory experience alive | Neocortex is informed that info. is processed in MTL
49
Which task is hippocampal dependent: Visual recognition task or object position task?
Object position task
50
Chickadees gather and hide seeds. This is known as...
Seed caching
51
Chickadees compared to house sparrows have what?
Larger hippocampus
52
People with frontal lobe damage cannot remember what?
Temporal orders or seqences
53
People with frontal lobe damage cannot remember what?
Temporal orders or sequences
54
Where does the frontal lobe receive input from?
All sensory systems
55
The frontal lobe plays a role in short term memory of what?
Sensory experience
56
[Explicit memory] What does the medial temporal lobe do?
Forms long term memories
57
[Explicit memory] What does the prefrontal lobe do?
Maintains short term memories | Memories of chronological order
58
[Explicit memory circuit] What does the basal forebrain do?
Maintains appropriate level of arousal for information processing
59
[Implicit memory] Where does the basal ganglia receive input from?
Entire cortex and substantial nigra
60
[Implicit memory] Where does the basal ganglia project to?
Ventral thalamus
61
[Implicit memory] Where does the ventral thalamus project to?
Premotor cortex
62
Emotional memories involves what type of learning?
Implicit and explicit
63
Which brain structure is important for coding emotional memories?
Amygdala
64
What happens when the amygdala is lesioned?
Fear conditioning eliminated
65
True or false. Emotional memories are still intact in patients with impairments to implicit and explicit memory, but with functional amygdala.
True
66
What does the radial arm maze involve?
Food rewards at ends of arms. Test phase: rat has to enter study arm first + one more arm
67
When the rat has hippocampus damage, is it successful in the radial arm maze?
No
68
What is caudate dependent?
Response recognition memory (food at end of arms, start in arm, leave and enter adjacent door - test: start on opposite side, body turns same way to get reward)
69
What is the extra-striate visual cortex required to do (rat experiment)?
Push new object to get reward

PSYC 375 (4 decks)

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