Chapter 17 - Positioning the Aerial Apparatus

Question 1

• Area beneath a wall in which the wall is likely to land if it loses structural integrity.

Answer 1

Collapse zone

p 611

Question 2

________ extensions at ______ angles place the maximum amount of stress on an aerial device, and in some cases, reduce its load carrying capacity.

Answer 2

Long / low

p 612

Question 3

The ___________ of the fire building affects the distance that the aerial device may be positioned from the building.

Answer 3

condition

p 613

Question 4

• (1) Positioning the apparatus in a location that provides the utmost efficiency for operating on the fireground. (2) Positioning a ladder to reach an object or person.

Answer 4

Spotting

p 613

Question 5

When using an aerial device, the D/O must consider the _________ ___________ of the spotting area.

Answer 5

surface condition

p 614

Question 6

If working on soft surfaces, operators must be aware of and watch for ?

Answer 6

settling

p 614

Question 7

The ____________ ______ supplied with the apparatus are to be used whenever the stabilizers are deployed.

Answer 7

stabilizer pads

p 614

Question 8

_______-_________ paved surfaces, common in parking lots, may be as dangerous as soft soil.

Answer 8

Thin-skinned

p 614

Question 9

• Ground above underground vaults such as underground parking structures, utility chases, drainage culverts, basements that extend under sidewalks, or underground transportation systems.

Answer 9

Vaulted Surfaces

p 615

Question 10

___________ covers are a good indicator of underground voids.

Answer 10

Manhole

p 615

Question 11

Hot surfaces

One indicator of a compromised asphalt surface due to extreme heat is when the asphalt “________” creating a shiny, glass like surface.

Answer 11

bleeds

p 615

Question 12

Grade

• Positioning with the front of the apparatus up-hill:
  
  • With the rear tires off the ground, the truck has less resistance to ___________ ____________.
  • The rear compartments will be more difficult to _________ once the apparatus is leveled.

Answer 12

sliding downhill / reach

p 615

Question 13

Grade

• Positioning with the rear of the apparatus up-hill:
  
  • It will be easier to reach the ________ with a platform operating off the rear of the apparatus.
  • It is more likely that the _______ _______ will be lifted off the ground, causing the frame rails to sag and making the device more difficult to stow properly after operations are complete.

Answer 13

ground / front tires

p 615

Question 14

Grade:

Depending on the operational capabilities of the apparatus and the severity of the grade, apparatus with two rear jacks may need to face _________. By facing _________, the angle of the ____________ is decreased, thereby increasing capability and stability.

Answer 14

uphill / uphill / turntable

p 615-616

Question 15

Grade:

In some cases, it is possible to level the truck somewhat by using the ____________ to raise one side of the truck more than the other. Generally, this is only possible on grades that are _______________ to the long centerline of the apparatus.

Answer 15

stabilizers / perpendicular

p 616

Question 16

Moderate to high winds impose a ___________ _______ on the aerial device and may reduce the overall stability by forcing movement for which the apparatus was not designed.

Answer 16

dynamic load

p 616

Question 17

• Loads that involve motion. They include forces arising from wind, moving vehicles, earthquakes, vibration, or falling objects as well as the addition of a moving load force to an aerial device or structure.

Answer 17

Dynamic Load

also know as shock loading

p 616

Question 18

When it is necessary to operate during high wind conditions, the D/O should spot the apparatus in a manner that minimizes the ___________ needed. The aerial device may also be positioned over the _______ or ______ of the apparatus, preferably __________ to wind direction.

Answer 18

extension / front or rear / parallel

p 616

Question 19

If possible, the D/O should avoid spotting the apparatus in a position that will require a lot of aerial device maneuvering around _________ and ____________ obstructions.

Answer 19

ground and overhead

p 616

Question 20

When positioning the aerial apparatus, the D/O should avoid parked _______, ________ containers, and similar obstructions.

Answer 20

vehicles / trash

p 616

Question 21

In certain circumstances, the ground around a downed power line or charged vehicle may become _____________ energized. The ground becomes charged in __________ ________ with varying voltage potential.

Answer 21

electrically / concentric circles

p 616

Question 22

Ground obstructions:

Stay away from the vehicle or power line, keeping both ______ on the ground at the same time. This will prevent you from becoming a ____________ between two areas of the ground that are charged differently.

Answer 22

feet / conductor

p 616

Question 23

Overhead power line are not __________. The vehicle or parts of the vehicle do not need to touch the power line for the vehicle to become ___________.

Answer 23

insulated / energized

p 617

Question 24

Overhead obstructions:

The long standing fire service standard has been to provide _____ feet of clearance between the aerial device and overhead high-voltage lines energized from _____ to ________ volts, and ____ feet of clearance for high voltage transmission lines over ________ volts.

Answer 24

10 / 600 to 50,000 / 50 / 50,000

p 617

Question 25

The new OSHA standard for power line clearance in the construction industry requires ____ feet between the device and overhead electric lines of less than _____ kilovolts. For high tension lines of over _____ kilovolts, OSHA requires ____ feet of clearance.

Answer 25

20 / 350 / 350 / 50 p 617

Question 26

If you are on or inside a vehicle that contacts or is energized by a power line, ______ ________ _____ ______. _________ the vehicle is more hazardous than remaining _________.

Answer 26

stay where you are Exiting / inside p 618

Question 27

If it becomes necessary to exit an apparatus that is in contact with electric lines, _______ _______ of the energized apparatus to reduce risk of electrocution. Maintain balance or fall _______, don't fall back towards the vehicle which could result in the body becoming a pathway between the vehicle and the ground.

Answer 27

jump clear / forward p 618

Question 28

Exiting energized apparatus Place your feet close together and _____ or ________ until you are out of the danger area. Do not attempt to ______ or _______ as both may place you in danger of shock. Depending on the voltage of the power line, the distance you need to travel can be upwards of _____ feet.

Answer 28

hop or shuffle / walk or crawl / 150 p 618

Question 29

If someone is trapped inside a vehicle that has come in contact with a power line, instruct them to ?

Answer 29

stay inside and not try to exit, unless their life is in eminent danger or a fire is present. p 619

Question 30

Stability of aerial apparatus can be improved by operating the aerial device in line with the ____________ _______.

Answer 30

longitudinal axis (apparatus body) p 619

Question 31

The apparatus is most stable when the aerial device is operated directly over the ______ or ______ of the vehicle. Increasing the angle of the aerial device away from the longitudinal axis of the truck decreases the ______ _______ that can be carried safely.

Answer 31

front or rear / load weight p 619

Question 32

An angle ____________ to the apparatus is the least stable position.

Answer 32

perpendicular p 619

Question 33

By positioning the truck body in a _____ with the expected position of aerial use, the stability of the apparatus can be increased.

Answer 33

line p 619-620

Question 34

For rear mounted aerial devices, _________ the apparatus is the preferred method, as this maximizes the reach of the aerial device, as opposed to ________ in the apparatus which would shorten the possible reach by a distance equal to the length of the apparatus. The opposite would be true for __________ mounted devices.

Answer 34

backing / nosing / midship p 620

Question 35

Tillered aerial apparatus may be positioned to increase stability by ____________ the appartus.

Answer 35

jackknifing p 620

Question 36

- Condition of truck tractor/semitrailer combination when their relative positions to each other form an angle of 90 degrees or less about the trailer kingpin, such as turning the tractor portion of a tractor-tiller aerial apparatus at an angle from the trailer to increase stability when the aerial device is being used.

Answer 36

Jackknifing p 620

Question 37

Jackknifing: Greatest stability occurs when this angle is approximately ____ degrees from in-line and the aerial device is extended away from this angle. Good stability occurs at angles up to _____ degrees. Beyond _____ degrees stability decreases rapidly.

Answer 37

60 / 90 / 90 p 620

Question 38

_________ are those factors that work against the aerial devices strength.

Answer 38

Stresses p 621

Question 39

Stress may be imposed in both ________ and _________ operation. The stress tends to be greater when the aerial device is in ________.

Answer 39

static (at rest) / dynamic (in motion) / motion p 621

Question 40

Stress in aerial devices is increased when the ladder rungs are operated ____________ to the ground or when the apparatus is parked on an ________ and the aerial device must be operated off the ______ of the apparatus.

Answer 40

nonparallel / incline / side p 622

Question 41

When an apparatus must operate off an incline, the D/O can reduce these stresses by spotting the turntable __________ from the point of operation.

Answer 41

down-hill p 622

Question 42

When approaching from the uphill side, the apparatus should _____ ______ the building, and operate the aerial device from the ______ of the truck. When approaching from downhill side, the apparatus should be ________ ______ of the building and the aerial should be operated ______ the _____.

Answer 42

park past / rear / stopped short / over the cab p 622

Question 43

Ideally, the truck should be operated in the ________ position with the aerial device directly ___-______ to reduce the stress.

Answer 43

uphill / in-line p 622

Question 44

If the truck only has two jacks then the direction in which it can be stabilized in the grade is fairly limited. It needs to be facing _________.

Answer 44

uphill p 622

Question 45

Another spotting consideration is whether the aerial device is designed to be operated in a position that is ____________ at the tip or ___________ position.

Answer 45

unsupported / supported (resting on a wall) p 622

Question 46

The maximum loading for any unsupported aerial device occurs when operated at angles between ____ and ____ degrees from horizontal.

Answer 46

70 and 80 p 622

Question 47

The amount of extension affects aerial device ________. As extension increases, aerial _________ must decrease. Aerials operating at a low angle of elevation and at a long extension are at their ___________ operational position.

Answer 47

stress / loading / weakest p 622

Question 48

* Always approach incidents from _________ and _________, when possible. * If the apparatus is to be positioned in a dead-end access, ______ the apparatus into position if possible. This will make an _______ faster if it becomes necessary.

Answer 48

upwind and uphill / back / escape p 624

Question 49

Highways: * Position the vehicle so that the _________ side of the vehicle is protected from the flow of traffic. * Turn the front wheels away from the ____________ working highway incidents so that the apparatus will not be driven into them if struck from behind.

Answer 49

* operators * firefighters p 626

Question 50

Highways: * Consider parking additional apparatus _____ to _____ feet behind the shielding apparatus to act as an additional barrier between firefighters and the flow of traffic. * Once on scene, place headlights on the _____-______ setting, without _________. * During nighttime incidents, use a minimum number of __________ ______ at the scene to prevent blinding other drivers or distracting them, possibly leading to another incident.

Answer 50

* 150 to 200 * low-beam / flashing * warning lights p 626

Question 51

Most railroad companies advise that vehicles be kept at least ____ feet from the tracks when possible.

Answer 51

25 feet p 627

Question 52

If raising an aerial device across railroad track is necessary, even when a halt confirmation has been received, keep the aerial device at least _____ feet above the level of the rails as an added safety precaution.

Answer 52

25 p 627

Question 53

Bridges: * If multiple apparatus must work on a bridge, do not park or operate all apparatus on the same _______. The combined ________ load of all apparatus may exceed its design limitations. Instead, stagger apparatus in different traffic _______ without parking _____-___-______.

Answer 53

span / static / lanes / side-by-side p 628

Question 54

Bridges: * Recognize that most large bridges are designed to _______ somewhat in response to forces placed upon them by wind, traffic, and water movement below. This movement will be somewhat amplified at the ______ of a raised aerial device, depending on the type and intensity of the force. High _______ will further affect the movement of the aerial device. When this movement becomes uncomfortable for firefighters or begins to place excessive _______ stress on the aerial device, minimize the ____________ of the device as much as possible.

Answer 54

move / tip / winds / lateral / extension p 628

Question 55

Structural incidents: Consideration must be given to the fire's potential ________. If the fire has the potential to grow or spread to exposures, the apparatus must be placed so that it is not ?

Answer 55

growth / trapped by the advancing fire p 629

Question 56

If the fire building is known to be in poor repair, the aerial device should not be used in a ___________ position.

Answer 56

supported (touching the building) p 631

Question 57

Hazardous Material Incidents: * Obtain information on the ______ speed and direction while en route to the scene. * Approach the incident from the ________ and ________ side if at all possible. * Always stop well _______ of the incident scene until the nature of the hazard is understood.

Answer 57

* wind * upwind and uphill * short p 631

Question 58

Hazardous Materials Incidents: * Consider the potential for exposure to high levels of heat if the incident involves ignited ____________ or ___________ _________. * Do not park over __________ or _______ drains. Flammable materials flowing into the underground system could ignite and explode. * If the material involved is a ___________, any contact with the aerial device could result in damage.

Answer 58

* flammable or combustible liquids (or the potential for them to ignite) * manholes or storm drains * corrosive p 631-632

Question 59

On all __________-___________ responses, the company officer and the D/O should consider the possibility that a hazardous material may be involved in an incident.

Answer 59

vehicle-related p 632

Question 60

Aircraft Incidents: * Watch for pools of _____ ______ - do not drive through them or close enough to present an ignition source. * Position _________ of any fire conditions or vapors from un-ignited pools of fuel. * Stage the apparatus near the expected ____________ area when dispatched to an aircraft emergency landing. Complete the response only after the aircraft has ___________ down.

Answer 60

* jet fuel * upwind * touchdown / touched p 632

Question 61

Aircraft Incidents: * Passenger rescue - If the tip of the device is to be placed in an aircraft doorway, the apparatus should be positioned for accessing the ? - If the objective is to provide access over a wing or remove victims from the wing, the positioning principles are basically the same as for providing access to the ?

Answer 61

* window of a building * roof of a building p 633

Question 62

Aircraft incidents: The D/O should avoid spotting the apparatus in a position that hinders the deployment of the aircraft emergency ________.

Answer 62

slides p 634

Question 63

Aerial apparatus are frequently used to provide elevated master streams at fires involving large _______ ______ or _____/__________ processing facilities.

Answer 63

storage tanks / fuel/chemical p 634

Question 64

When operating at storage tank fires, the apparatus should never be spotted inside the ______ that surrounds the affected tank(s).

Answer 64

dike p 634

Question 65

Petroleum storage / processing facilities An ________ location is most desirable if the aerial device is being used for direct fire attack. It is more efficient to discharge foam steams _____________.

Answer 65

upwind / downwind p 634-635

Question 66

Some challenges of apparatus positioning at processing facilities include: * Narrow ___________ * ______-_____ access * _____________ obstructions

Answer 66

* driveways * Dead-end * Overhead p 635

Question 67

Technical Rescue Incidents: The proper positioning of aerial apparatus at the scene of a technical rescue operation will depend on whether the aerial device is being used to ?

Answer 67

directly aid in the mitigation of the incident or the apparatus is simply serving a support role on the scene. p 635