Chapter 18 Flashcards by fermin chapa

Maintenance of a constant and optimal internal environment

Homeostasis

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A response to a stimulus that increases that stimulus

Ex. Labor contractions

Positive feedback

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Is response to a stimulus that decreases the stimulus

Negative feedback

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Secretions onto the external surfaces of the body

Ex. Mucus, saliva, digestive secretions, sweat, reproductive secretions

Exocrine secretions

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Secretions Into surrounding interstitial fluid or bloodstream

Endocrine secretions

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Any detectable change in the environment

Stimulus

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Any substance released by a group of cells that has a tropic effect on a distant group of cells

Hormone

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Any cell that has a receptor for that specific hormone

Target cells

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A hormone in response to a stimulus can release a hormone into the blood stream an can target multiple cells, in multiple locations in various parts of the body at great distances and will bind to those target cells, the cells will with the appropriate target cells and they will give the appropriate response

Endocrine communication

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Transmission to the next cell/cell to cell/ rapid response/ rapid decay

Synaptic communication

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Communicate to distant cells at multiple targets

Slow response/mins, hours,days,weeks, months

Response lasts a long time (long duration)

Endocrine communication

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Integral membrane proteins to which a hormone will bind

Membrane receptor

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second messenger “G protein” this will initiate a cascade of enzymes that eventually enter a nucleus and turn the gene off or on.

Transduction cascade

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Hormone passes through the cell membrane and binds to a receptor inside the cytoplasm of the target cell

Intracellular receptor

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All intracellular and intranuclear receptors have to be ?

Derivatives of lipids or cholesterol

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All hormones that have membrane receptors are derived from

Amino acids or proteins (peptide polypeptide)

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If the hormone binds to a membrane receptor the hormone is a

Protein (polypeptide) or amino acid (peptide) derivative

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The posterior pituitary is also called the ________ of the pituitary gland.

Neurohypophysis or pars nervosa

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The two hormones of the posterior pituitary are ?

ADH anti diuretic hormone

OTC oxytocin

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These two hormones are produced in the special nuclei of the hypothalamus. The neurons of the hypothalamus extend their axons into the posterior pituitary and elevate their hormones into the blood stream. The hypothalamus can detect a stimulus and then releases a hormone to correct a problem.

ADH and oxytocin

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The anterior pituitary is also called the ________ because it acts like a gland.

Adenohypophysis

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It controls the release of several other known hormones and is therefore called the master control gland.

Anterior pituitary gland

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In this pathway, the ______ is the detecting organ. It cannot synthesize the hormones that corrects a change in homeostasis.

Hypothalamus

Adenohypophysis

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Neuroendocrine reflex

Complex endocrine reflex

Post pituitary gland

Anterior pituitary gland

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Too much T3 T4 Too little T3 T4 or not producing enough TSH

Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism

Involves hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

Neuroendocrine reflex

(Not in brain) Endocrine organ (somewhere in the body) detects a stimulus releases a hormone into bloodstream binds to a target cell and gives a response

Simple endocrine reflex

The endocrine organ is a group of cells of a particular nucleus in the hypothalamus that detects a stimulus they send axons through the infundibulum through the posterior pituitary, the cells release the hormone at the posterior pituitary it travels through the blood stream binds to target cells and elicit a response

Neuroendocrine reflex

Some stimulus detected in the hypothalamus by a group of cells, that group of cells is going to release a hormone, that hormone is going to travel through the infundbilium and pop out of the bloodstream at the anterior pituitary, that hormone is going to bind to a second group of cells. They will release a second hormone that binds to target cells to elicit a response.

Complex endocrine pathway

Vasopressin

Antidiuretic hormone

T3 T4 You need iodine to make this hormone

Triiodothyronine has 3 iodines Tetraiodothyronine has 4 iodines

Remain functional much longer, because when these hormones enter the blood stream, more than 99% of them become attached to special transport proteins

Thyroid hormones and steroid hormones

Thyroid have small glands called thyroid follicles filled with

Colloid, inside of the colloid is filled with t3 t4

Sits between the apples apple and manubrium

Thyroid gland

Most hormones that target intracelluar receptors are

Steroid and thyroid hormones

Can diffuse across the lipid part of the plasma membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus

Steroid hormones

The hypothalamus which contains both brain centers and endocrine tissue is found ______ to the Thalamus

Inferior

The hypothalamus is ______ to the pituitary gland

Superior

The ______ regulates the functions of both the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

When the sympathetic division is activated, the _______ releases the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream

Adrenal medulla

In fact, the hormones of the anterior lobe are sometimes called ______, because they turn on endocrine glands or support the functions of other organs

Tropic hormones

Stimulates the release of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex

ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone

ACTH release occurs under the stimulation of ______ from the hypothalamus

Corticotropin CRH

The two gonadotropin are ?

Follicle stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone

Promotes follicle development in females, and, in combination with _______, stimulates the secretion of estrogens by ovarian cells

FSH and LH

Induces ovulation, it also promotes ovarian secretion of estrogens and progesterone, which prepares the body for pregnancy

Luteinizing hormone

In males, this gonadotropin stimulates the production of sex hormones by the interstitial cells of the testes. These male sex hormones are called_____.

LH Androgens

Maturing follicle releases _____ target endometrium to thicken of lining engorge with blood

Estrogen

Follicular stimulating hormone targets

Ovarian follicles and seminefious tubules

The releasing hormone that releases FSH and LH

Gonadotropic releasing hormone GNRH

LH targets interstitial cells of testes which will then increase

Testosterone production

Testosterone secretion targets

Brain it causes aggression Skeletal muscle = larger muscles, increase CT tissue Seminiferous tubules increases sperm production

The remains of a follicle that release progesterone that targets endometrium to prevent menstration (yellow body)

Corpus Luteum

Low LH will stimulate the release of

GNRH

Process of converting glucose into glycogen

Glycogenesis

Conversion of glycogen back into glucose for energy production

Glycogenolysis

Conversion of sugar from adipose

Glyconeogenesis

Glucagon is an ______ to cortisol and cortisone

Agonist

Cells that Release glucagon Cells that release insulin

Alpha Beta

Increase BP/ secondary effect of ADH/ it constricts peripheral blood vessels

Vasopressin

1. Synthesized in the Supra optic nucleus 2. Synthesized in the paraventricular nucleus

1. ADH 2. OTC

Only two hormones released from posterior pituitary gland

OTC and ADH

1. This reflex happens in the Posterior pituitary gland ? 2. This reflex happens in the anterior pituitary gland ?

1. Neuroendocrine reflex 2. Complex endocrine reflex

Testosterone targets the brain, seminiferous tubules, and most CT tissues. The response testosterone has on these three are ?

Brain leads to aggressive behavior Sem. Tubules increase sperm production CT tissues growth and metabolism

Insulin dependent must inject insulin wbC kills beta cells

Type 1 diabetes

Non insulin dependent pancreas still secretes insulin, target cells down regulate insulin

Type 2 diabetes

Glucagon and cortisone/cortisol are ?

Agonists

Glucagon and cortisone/cortisol are antagonists to ?

Insulin

1. Pumps calcium up 2. Tones calcium down 3. Stimulates RBC production 4. Stimulate WBC production

1. Parathyroid Hormone PTH 2. Calcitonin 3. Erythropoietin 4. Thymosin

7 complex hormones of the anterior pituitary

GH PCL MSH FSH LH Glucocorticoid = ACTH cortisol and cortisone Thyroid = t3 T4

8 hormones that use simple endocrine reflex

Calcitonin Glucagon Insulin Parathyroid hormone PTH Melatonin EPO Thymosin Aldosterone

Simple endocrine reflexes do not involve ?

Brain

Some sympathetic stimulus (stress, excercise, excitement) triggers our nervous system to fire sympathetic neurons directly through the spinal cord onto the adrenal medulla, causing cells of the adrenal medulla to release ________ directly into the blood stream for an immediate global sympathetic response.

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Neuroendocrine reflexes involve the brain, mainly the

Hypothalamus and post pituitary gland

Because the neurons of the hypothalamus do not have direct access to capillaries, the neurons extend their axons through the ________ into the post pituitary gland

Infundibulum

Complex endocrine reflexes involve the

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

In most complex endocrine pathways the hypothalamus detects a stimulus. The hypothalamus then release a hormone into the ___________ (a special collection of blood vessels that connect the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland)

Hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis

1. Mineral corticoids = aldosterone 2. Glucocorticoid = sugars 3. Androgens = male sex hormones

Glucagon and insulin Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

All are antagonists

ADH and OTC are synthesized in ?

Hypothalamus

Thyroid follicles secrete ? Parafollicular cells secrete ? Parathyroid glands secrete?

T3 and T4 calcium PTH

Blood vessels connected to the Anterior pituitary gland

Hypothalamopophyseal portal system

Which hormone functions to retain water at kidneys and subsequently affected sodium concentrations ?

ADH

What are the exocrine and endocrine secretions of the pancreas

Alpha and beta cells

What is the function of oxytocin and prolactin ?

Oxytocin = milk let down Prolactin = milk production

What is the role of adrenaline and how it’s controlled ?

When prolonged stress occurs, the adrenal medulla secretes Adrenalin that has a global effect

Adrenal cortex produces

Aldosterone

After ovulation the remains of the follicle is called ______ it secretes progesterone the response that prevents menstration

Corpus luteum