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Human Physiology Unit 4 > Chapter 18/19 (Pt. 5) > Flashcards

Chapter 18/19 (Pt. 5) Flashcards

1
Q

why is it that only ~20% of plasma volume gets filtered out of the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsules?

A

we need to retain some volume to move remaining cells through blood

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2
Q

what is the function of secretion from peritubular capillaries?

A

provides a second chance for filtration

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3
Q

WHY does the countercurrent multiplier that creates the medullary gradient facilitate reabsorbing water not captured by the proximal tubule?

A

basically, what’s happening here: we are combatting the rising interstitial osmotic pressure with and increase in vasa recta osmotic pressure

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4
Q

HOW does the countercurrent multiplier that creates the medullary gradient facilitate reabsorbing water not captured by the proximal tubule?

A

ascending: ions are actively transported into interstitium

so, descending: H2O leaves for interstitium through aquaporins

plasma leaves vessels and is combated by urea

next, urea leaves the collecting duct, goes into the interstitium, and then into the vasa recta

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5
Q

what are some of the differences between epithelial cells of the proximal and distal tubules, and what is the function of each? (3)

A
  1. proximal has more surface area. lots of reabsorption.
  2. proximal has more mitochondria. need ATP for active transport.
  3. proximal is leaky. loose-tight junctions to allow movement through the cells.
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6
Q

what are three differences between the epithelial cells of the proximal and distal tubules?

A
  1. proximal has more surface area
  2. proximal has more mitochondria
  3. proximal is more leaky
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7
Q

what is the function of proximal epithelial cells having more surface area?

A

lots of reabsorption

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8
Q

what is the function of proximal epithelial cells having more mitochondria?

A

need ATP for active transport

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9
Q

what is the function of proximal epithelial cells being more leaky than distal epithelial cells?

A

allow for more to pass through

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10
Q

how does calcitrol increase Ca+2 levels? (3)

A
  1. increases calcium absorption from the intestines
  2. increases reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys
  3. increases the release of calcium from bone
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11
Q

what is calcitrol?

A

the commercial name for vitamin D3

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12
Q

UV exposure…

A

converts 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin to previtamin D3

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13
Q

what is RAAS? aka what does it stand for?

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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14
Q

what is the functino of the reninangiotensinaldosterone system?

A

secrete aldosterone to increase sodium reabsorption

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15
Q

what triggers the release of renin?

A

low BP or low Na+

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16
Q

how is renin made?

A

made by granular cells (aka juxtaglomerular cells) in the kidney

17
Q

what starts the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A

renin

18
Q

where is angiotensinogen produced?

A

liver

19
Q

what does the ending “-ogen” indicate?

A

inactive form of a protein

20
Q

where is renin produced?

A

kidney

21
Q

what triggers the production of renin?

A

low BP or low Na+

22
Q

what is the function of renin?

A

clip 10 AAs off of angiotensinogen

23
Q

what is the source of angiotensin II ?

A

renin clips 10 AAs off of angiotensinogen -> angiotensin I

ACE clips 2 AAs off of angiotensin I -> angiotensin II

24
Q

what effect does angiotensin II have on the body?

A

act on adrenal gland to release aldosterone

25
Q

what do you call the 10 AAs that are clipped from angiotensinogen?

A

angiotensin I

26
Q

who clips the 10 AAs off of angiotensinogen?

A

renin

27
Q

what happens after angiotensin I is produced?

A

ACE clips 2 AAs off of angiotensin I to make angiotensin II

28
Q

who clips 2 AAs off of angiotensin I to make angiotensin II?

A

ACE

29
Q

AngII acts on the _____ to stimulate the sensation of _____

A

hypothalamus

thirst

30
Q

when we are thirsty, we drink more fluids, and increase _______ to increase ______

A

plasma volume

BP

31
Q

AngII causes ____________ of systemic arterials to increase ________

A

vasoconstriction

BP

32
Q

AngII acts on ___________ to increase blood pressure?

A

systemic arterials

33
Q

AngII stimulates the ____________ to secrete aldosterone

A

adrenal cortex

34
Q

ANgII stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete __________

A

aldosterone

35
Q

secretion of aldosterone increases reabsorption of what?

A

Na+

36
Q

increased Na+ reabsorption increases ?

A

Cl- -> H2O -> blood pressure!

Human Physiology Unit 4 (17 decks)

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