Chapter 18 - Control and coordination Flashcards
1
Q
What are some functions of the nervous system
A
receiving information, responding to information, and maintaining homeostasis.
2
Q
how quick is the nervous systems response time
A
less than 1 sec
3
Q
why is receiving information helpful
A
permits you to be aware of what is happening in the world around you
4
Q
what does your nervous system monitor
A
conditions inside your body, like glucose level, body temperature, and dehydration
5
Q
what is stimulus
A
response, a change or signal in the environment to make an organism react
6
Q
what is a response
A
what the body does in reaction to the stimulus (can be voluntary or involuntary)
7
Q
what does voluntary mean and what is an example
A
under your control. Ex: swatting at a fly
8
Q
what does involuntary mean and what is an example
A
not under conscious. Ex: heart rate, breathing
9
Q
what are neurons also called
A
nerve cell
10
Q
what is a neuron (nerve cell)
A
the basic functioning units of the nervous sytem.
11
Q
what do neurons help your body do
A
help your body communicate with each other
12
Q
what are the types of neurons
A
sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons
13
Q
what do sensory neurons do
A
pick up stimuli and converts it into a nerve impulse
14
Q
what are the two types of sensory neurons
A
inside (Hungary message) or outside (cold message)
15
Q
what do interneurons do
A
carries nerve impulses from one neruron to another
16
Q
where does the interneurons usually end
A
ends in the brain or spinal cord
17
Q
what do motor neurons do
A
sends an impulse to a muscle or gland that then reacts in response
18
Q
what is the structure of a neuron like
A
GO LOOK AT A PICTURE IN THE BOOK OR IF THERE ISNT ONE GO SEARCH IT UP
19
Q
WHAT DOES A DENDRITE DO
A
picks up a signal from the environment or another neuron
20
Q
what does a cell body contain
A
contains the nucleus and other necessary cell parts for growth and devolpment
21
Q
what is an axon
A
a nerve impulse that carries the message away from the cell body
22
Q
what do terminal bulbs/axon tips do
A
carries the message from one nerve cell to the next nerve cell or to terminal
23
Q
what are axons and dendrites also called
A
nerve fibers
24
Q
what is a nerve
A
is a bundle of nerve fibers
25
within each neuron, where does the impulse begin
at the dendrite
26
within each neuron, what happenes after the impulse
it moves toward the cell body, then down the axon until it reaches the axon tip
27
to travel across the synapse what does the axon tip release
releases chemicals that carry the impulse along
28
where does the impulse begin
at a receptor that picks up the stimuli from the environment. The receptors trigger nerve impulse in sensory neurons
29
what is an example of receptors triggering nerve impulses in sensory neurons
your hand touching a hot stove
30
where does the impulse pass to
passes to the interneurons in the brain where the brain interprets the impulse and makes decisions about what to do
31
what is an example of the impulsw pasisng to the interneurons in the brain where the brain interperets the impulse and makes a decision
you remove your hand from damgage
32
what is the central nervous system made of
made of the brain and spinal cord
33
whar does the central nervous system do
recives, processes, stores and transfers information
34
where is the brian locqated
in the cranium
35
what controls most functions of the body
the brain
36
what directs responses to stimuli; stores memory
the brain
37
what many neurons does the skull/brain contain
~100 billion neurons
38
how many layers of connective tissue does the skull have that help protect the brain from injury
3 layers and a fluid layer
39
what are the 3 main regions of the brain that recive and process info
cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brain stem
40
what is the largest part of the brain
cerebrum
41
what part of the brain controls memory, language and thought
cerebrum
42
where does the cerebrum get info from
the 5 senses
43
what is the surface of the cerebrum like
surface contains many folds
44
the cerebrum has sections called lobes, what does each lobe control
each lobe controls a specific function
45
what part of the brain coordinates voluntary muscle movement: regulates balances and posture
cerebellum
46
what connects the brain to the spinal cord
brain stem
47
what controls involuntary functions like sneezing, heart beating, and digestiton
the brain stem
48
what is the spinal cords structure like
tubelike structure of neurons
49
what is the "information highway" of the brain, connecting all parts of the body to the brain
the spinal cord
50
what is the spinal cord surrounded and protected by
by the vertebrae, connective tissue and fluid
51
what is the peripheral nervous system
the sensory neurons and motor neurons that transmit information between the GNS and the rest if the body
52
what does the somatic system control and what is an example
controls skeletal muscles that cause voluntary movements
ex: like walking or picking up somtihng
53
what does the autonomic system control and what is an example
controls smooth and cardiac muscles; regulates involuntary actions
ex: digesting food and beating of the heart
54
what is the most common way that neurons are damaged
Physical injury
55
why are inured nerves such a big deal
becuase injured nevrves cannot send signals
56
what can occur if communication between CNS and PNS ends
paralysis can occur
57
what is a concussion
a bruise to the brain usually caused by a severe blow to the head
58
what is a reflex
automatic movement in response to a stimulus
59
what do depressants do
slows down/stops the communication between neurons
60
what do stimulants do
sped up the communication between neurons
61
what does the nervous system and homeostasis do
recives information from the enviorment and signals other system
62
what is the sensory system
the part of the nervous system that detects or senses the enviorment
63
all parts of the sensory system have receptors, what are receptors?
special structures that detect stimuli, each senses use receptors
64
how is your vision created
uses photoreceptors in the eyes to detect light and create vision
65
STIDY PARTS OF THE EYE
in notebook or book
66
what is the cornea
a thin, clear membrane that protects and covers the eye
67
where does light enter your eye
through your cornea
68
what is your iris
circular structure that opens and closes to let light in, it regulates how much light enters
69
what is the colored part of your eyes called
the iris
70
what is the pupil
the opening in the eye that allows light to enter
71
what happens to the pupil in bright and dim light
in bright lighr, the pupil is small,: in dim light, the pupil is much larger
72
what is the lens
the flexible structure that helps to focus the light
73
what is the retina
the back layer of the eyeball, covered in photoreceptors
74
when do rods work best
work best in dim light sees black, white and gray
75
what are the 2 types of photoreceptors
roda and cones
76
when do cones work best
work best in bright light, sees color
77
what is the optic nerve
transmits impulses/ information to the brain
78
what is the vitreous fluid
fluid inside the eye
79
how do you see
light rays hit the retina at the back of the eye
80
how many light rays does the back of the eye conatin when light rays hit the retina
~130 milion receptor cells
81
how do nerve impules get to the cerebrum
nerve impulese travel along the optic nerve to the cerebrum
82
how do the lens and cornea work together in focusing light
they work together and change the direction of the light that enters the eyes
83
when the lens and cornea focus the light, it creates an image that is upside down and reversed, how is the image adjusted
muscles attached to the lens adjust the lens' shape to focus the images
84
what happens if the cornea or lens are not shaped exactly right
the person can have trouble seeing clearly
85
where do images form in the eye if a person is nearsighted
infront of the retina
86
what does nearsighted mean
can see close objects, but have trouble seeing distance
87
if someone is nearsighted what is the shape of the eye like
the eyeball is oval shaped and too long
88
what is the shape of the eye like is someone is farsighted and where are images produced
the eyeball is too short, so the image would be clearly produced behind the retina
89
what does farsighted mean
can see distant objects clearly, but not close ones
90
how is sound produced
all sound is produced by vibrations that move through the air molecules until it strikes your ear
91
what are sound waves detected by
sound waves are detected by auditory receptors
92
what is the outer
the part of the ear that you can see
93
where do vibrations travel
down the ear canal
94
what is the eardrum
membrane between the outer and middle ear that vibrate when sound waves strike it
95
where are the 3 smallest bones of the body conatined
in the eardrum
96
what are the names of the 3 smallest of the body in the ear
hammer, anvil, and stirrup
97
what part of the ear converts sound waves into messages that are sent to the brain along the auditory nerve
inner ear
98
what is the cochlea
snail-shaped tube that is filled with fluid and lined with recepcter cells/hair cells
99
what part of the ear contains the fluid that vibrates
the chochlea
100
when happens when the fluid in the cochlea vibrates
when the fluid vibrates, it bends the hair cells and sends the signal
101
what two parts of the eye change the direction of light that enter the eye
the lens and cornea
102
what is wrong with the image that the lens and cornea create
the image is upside down and reversed
103
what turns the image that your eyes created right side up
muscles attached to the lens adjust the lens' shape to focus the images
104
what happens to a person if there cornea or lens are not shaped exactly right
the person can have trouble seeing clearly
105
what is it called when a persons eyeball is oval shaped and too long
nearsighted
106
if you are nearshighted, where does the image form
the image forms infront of the retina
107
what can a nearshighted person see
can see close objects but have trouble seeing distance
108
what is it called when the eyeball is too short, so the image would be created behind the retina
farsighted
109
what can a farsighted person see
can see distant objects clearly, but not close ones
110
how is sound produced
all sound by vibrations that move through the air molecules until it strikes your ear
111
what are sound waves detected by
auditory receptors
112
what part of the ear is the outer ear
includes parts that you can see, funnel like shape to collect sound
113
where do vibrations travel down
the ear canal
114
what is the eardrum
membrane between the outer and middle ear that vibrate when sound waves strike it
115
what are the 3 smalles bones in the body that the middle ear contain
hammer, anvil, stirrup
116
what does the movment of the hammer, anvil, and stirrrup do
it amplifies the sound waves
117
what does the inner ear do
converts sound waves into messages that are sent to the brain along the auditory nerve
118
what is the cochlea
snail-shaped tube that is filled with fluids and lined with receptor cells/hair cells
119
where is the fluid in your ear that vibrates
cochlea
120
when happens when the fluid in your cochlea vibrates
it bens the hair cells and sends the signal
121
what in the inner ear control your sense of balance
semicurcular ear canals
122
what are your semicurcular ear canals filled with
filled with fluid and hair cells
123
what does the moving fluid cuase in your cemicurcular ear canal
causes an impoulse to be sent aboutt your motion, position, and direction
124
what happens if your brain senses a problem about your balance
the brain will sned a message to muscles in your head and body to help restore balance
125
what senses work tohgether
sneses of smell and taste
126
what do the hundres of chemocrepetirs un your nose do
help distingush different odors
127
how does the brain resopnd to odors
maes you feel hungary, triggering a memory, or others
128
what are the chemocreptors in the mouth called
taste buds
129
what is the largest sense organ
skin
130
what is an example of a part of your body that have more touch receptors than other areas
your hands
131
where is light touch found
found in upper parts of the dermis
132
what is the endocrine system
is a group of organs and tissues that release chemical mesages into the bloodstream
133
what are the functions of the endocrine system
glands secrete chemical messages and regulates growth and devolpment.
134
what are hormones
a chemical produced by an endocrine gland in one part of an organism and is the bloodstream ro another part
135
where do hormones travel
in the bloodstream
136
what do horomes affect
affect and traget cells in organs and tissues(these have recepor cells on or inside them)
137
how do hormones target organs
the hormone attached to them and it causes the target cell to respond with an action
138
differnt hormones with differnt jobs are produced by differnt glands
yay
139
where is the hypothalamus
in the brain
140
what doe sthe hypothalamus do
recives information from the nervous system and controls the pituitary gland
141
where is the pituitary
in the brain
142
what does the putitary do
secrets many hormones that control body functions and controk other endocrine glands
143
where is the thyroid
in the neck
144
what does the thyroid do
contols how the body uses energy, metabolism can speed up or slow down when needed
145
where is the thymus
near the heart
146
what does the thymus do
tells imune system to fight infection
147
where is the pancreas
under the stomach
148
what does the pancreas do
secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate sugar level in the blood
149
where is the adernal
by the kidneys
150
what does the adernal do
enables the body to respond to strs=ess and react quickly
151
what do ovaries release to produce egg cells for reproduction
releases estrogen and progesterone
152
what do the testies release and produce
releases testosterone and produce spern for reproduction (triggers deveolpment of the whole body
153
how do glands help maintain homeostasis
by releasing hormones in response to stimli
154
what is a negative feedback system
a control system where the effetct of a hormone inhabits further release of the hormone
