Chapter 18:Endocrine System

Question 1

Specific cells that have the receptors need to bind and read the hormonal message when it arrives.

Answer 1

Target cells

Question 2

Process in which the presence of a hormone triggers a decrease in the number of hormone receptors.

Answer 2

Down Regulation

Question 3

Process in which the absence of a hormone triggers an increase in the number of hormone receptors.

Answer 3

Up Regulation

Question 4

Three groups of hormones are ______ _______ _______

Answer 4

amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, and lipid derivatives

Question 5

Amino acid derivatives are synthesized from ______ and _______.

Answer 5

Tyrosine and Tryptophan

Question 6

Thyroid hormones, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamiine are made from ________.

Answer 6

Tyrosine

Question 7

Melatonin is made from ________.

Answer 7

Tryptophan

Question 8

2 classes of lipid derivatives are _____ and _______

Answer 8

Eicosanoids and Steroid Hormones

Question 9

Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and prostacyclins are _________.

Answer 9

Eicosanoids

Question 10

Located in brain just below thalamus.

Controls autonomic nervous system and regulates homeostasis.(thirst, hunger, sexual behavior, fear, anger, temperature)

Answer 10

Hypothalamus

Question 11

Secretes 9 different hormones.

Produces ADH, oxytoxin, and regulatory hormones

Answer 11

Hypothalamus

Question 12

Connected to the hypothalamus and composed of two parts. (anterior and posterior)

Answer 12

Pituitary Gland

Question 13

Secretes 7 hormones;prl, msh, hgh, tsh, fsh, lh, and acth.

Answer 13

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Question 14

7 hormones produced by anterior pituitary

Answer 14

Prolactin, Melanocyte stimulating hormone, Human growth hormone, Thyroid stimulating hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Adrenocotropin hormone.

Question 15

Does not produce own hormones. The two hormones (oxtoxin and Antidiuertic hormone) are produced in hypothalamus but stored and secreted here.

Answer 15

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Question 16

Located in the diencephalon and produces melatonin.

Answer 16

Pineal Gland

Question 17

Located in the throat,in front of larynx. Contains thyroxine(T4), triiodothyronine, and calcitonin.

Answer 17

Thyroid Gland

Question 18

Contains follicle cells and thyroglobin.

Increases metabolic rate, produces sodium and potassium, and involved in growth and development.

Answer 18

Thyroxine and T3

Question 19

Contains C cells and regulates calcium levels in blood.

Answer 19

Calcitonin

Question 20

Four pea sized glands located on posterior surface of thyroid.

Answer 20

Parathyroid glands

Question 21

Increases blood calcium.
Releases blood Ca from bone.
Increases Ca absorption in kidneys.
Promotes release of calcitrol.

Answer 21

Parathyroid hormmones

Question 22

Located in throat, just below larynx.
Contains thymoxins.
Shrinks with age.

Answer 22

Thymus Gland

Question 23

Located above each kidney.

Composed of 2 parts, cortex and medulla.

Answer 23

Adrenal Gland

Question 24

Contains steroid hormones,mineralcorticoids and glucorcortisoids, and sex hormones.

Answer 24

Adrenal cortex

Question 25

Steroid hormone responsible for water and salt balance.

Answer 25

Mineralcortisoids.

Question 26

Steroid hormone responsible for stress hormones

Answer 26

Glucocortisoids

Question 27

Contains epinephrine and norepinephrine. Involved in fight or flight. Mobilization of glucose for ATP production.

Answer 27

Adrenal Medulla

Question 28

Located behind stomach. Has endocrine and exocrine functions. Contains glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and pancreatic peptides.

Answer 28

Pancreas

Question 29

Increases blood sugar levels(alpha cells).In pancreas

Answer 29

Glucagon

Question 30

Stimulate cells to take up glucose(beta cells)

Answer 30

Insulin

Question 31

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone(delta cells)

Answer 31

somatostatin

Question 32

Regulates pancreatic secretions( F cells)

Answer 32

Pancreatic Peptide

Question 33

Produce sex hormones, production of gametes. | Ovaries for females testes for males.

Answer 33

Gonads

Question 34

Gap junctions: Coordinate ciliary movement among _______ cells. Coordinate the contractions of _______ muscle cells. Facilitate the propagation _____ ________ of from one neuron to the next at electrical synapses.

Answer 34

epithelial cardiac action potentials

Question 35

Important second messengers include ________, _______, and ______ ____.

Answer 35

cyclic-AMP (cAMP) cyclic-GMP (cGMP) calcium ions

Question 36

The process that magnifies the effect of a hormone on the target cell.

Answer 36

Amplification

Question 37

Steps involved in increasing CAMP levels include: The activated __ _______ activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase converts ___ to cAMP. cAMP activates ______ which phosphorylates proteins. The phosphorylation will either _______ the protein or open ___ channels

Answer 37

``` G protein ATP kinase activate ion ```

Question 38

The increase in cAMP levels is usually short lived because the cytoplasm contains ____, which inactivates cAMP by converting it to ___ .

Answer 38

phophodiesterase (PDE) | AMP

Question 39

________ act on nearby cells. | ________ act on same cell the secreted them.

Answer 39

Paracrines | Autocrines

Question 40

Circulating hormones are inactivated by the _____ and secreted by the _______.

Answer 40

liver | kidneys

Question 41

Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide are ______ soluble. Amine, peptide, protein, and eicosanoid hormones are ______ soluble.

Answer 41

Lipid | Water

Question 42

Corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus causes the pituitary to secrete _______________ hormone. _______________ hormone then stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex.

Answer 42

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 43

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus promotes pituitary's secretion of __________ stimulating hormone. __________ stimulating hormone then stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females and sperm in males.

Answer 43

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 44

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus promotes pituitary's secretion of _________ hormone. __________ hormone causes ovulation and progestin production in females, and androgen in males.

Answer 44

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 45

Prolactin (PRL) from the pituitary, with other hormones, stimulates development of _______ glands and milk production.

Answer 45

mammary

Question 46

Human growth hormone (HGH) causes release of IGFs from ____ cells, which then stimulates cell growth and stimulates ____ cells to release glucose into blood.

Answer 46

liver

Question 47

Hypoglycemia causes hypothalamus to release ____.

Answer 47

GHRH

Question 48

ADH decreases the amount of ______ lost at the kidneys and can elevate blood pressure by causing vessels to constrict..

Answer 48

water

Question 49

The adrenal ______ produces corticosteroids, glucocorticoids and cortisol.

Answer 49

cortex

Question 50

The adrenal _______ produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Answer 50

medulla

Question 51

Osmoreceptors tend to stimulate neurons that release ___.

Answer 51

ADH

Question 52

A drop in Na+ or rise in K+ content would cause a release of _______.

Answer 52

aldosterone

Question 53

Melatonin: inhibits _________ functions protects against damage by free _______ helps set _______ rhythms.

Answer 53

reproductive radicals circadian

Question 54

The pancreas produces glucagon, _______, and PP from alpha cells, beta cells and F cells.

Answer 54

insulin

Question 55

The _______ release calciitriol, erythropoietin, and renin

Answer 55

kidneys

Question 56

_______ which is important for calcium ions, is secreted by kidneys in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 56

Calcitriol

Question 57

__________ is a peptide hormone released by the kidneys in response to low O2 levels in kidneys. It increases RBCs.

Answer 57

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 58

Renin is released by kidneys in response to _________ stimulation or a decline in renal _____flow.

Answer 58

sympathetic | blood

Question 59

Renin converts angiotensin to I and then II. Angiotensin II stimuates secretion of aldosterone by adrenal _____ and ADH by _______ pituitary. The combination restricts ____ and water losses by the kidneys.

Answer 59

cortex, posterior | salt

Question 60

Angiotensin II stimulates ______ and elevates blood pressure.

Answer 60

thirst

Question 61

If blood _______ becomes too great in the heart, the cells are stretched and secrete natriuretic _______. Natiruretic peptides promote loss of Na+ and _____ by kidneys, and inhibit release of renin, ADH, and aldosterone. Net result is reduction of ______ volume and pressure.

Answer 61

volume, peptides water blood

Question 62

Inhibin is secreted by _____ or ovaries under stimulation of follicle-stimulating hormone.

Answer 62

testes

Question 63

_______ tissue produces a peptide hormone called leptin.

Answer 63

Adipose

Question 64

PTH and calcitonin, or insulin and and glucagon have opposing or _________ effects.

Answer 64

ANTAGONISTIC

Question 65

The glucose-sparing action of HGH and glucocortcoids is an example of a ________ effect, which is when 2 hormones have an additive effect.

Answer 65

synergistic

Question 66

Epinephrine does not change energy consumption unless thyroid hormones are also present is an example of a _________ effect. Which is when one hormone needs another to have an effect.

Answer 66

permissive

Question 67

GHRH and GHIH are regulated by blood _______ level.

Answer 67

Glucose