Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APB Ch. 16- 20 > Chapter 18 - Gene Regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - Gene Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Genes can be activated by _____ ______, or they can be inhibited by the presence of a _______ as they interact with _______ _______ or
________.

A

Inducer molecules, repressor, regulatory proteins, sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sequence of DNA that codes for a regulatory protein
such as a repressor protein.

A

Regulatory gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How the components of an operon function to regulate gene expression in
both repressible and inducible operons.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How positive and negative control function in gene expression.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Impact of DNA methylation and histone acetylation on gene expression.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How timing and coordination of specific events are regulated in normal
development, including pattern formation and induction.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Role of miRNAs in control of cellular functions.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Role of gene regulation in embryonic development and cancer.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Operon

A

Cluster of related genes with on/off switch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Three parts of operon

A

Promoter, operator, genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Promoter

A

where RNA polymerase attaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Operator

A

“on/off”, controls access of RNA poly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Genes

A

code for related enzymes in a pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Repressible Operon

A

ON –> OFF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Inducible Operon

A

OFF –> ON

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Repressible Operon is ____abolic

A

Anabolic (build organic molecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In a repressible operon, the organic molecule product as as ________ –> bind to _____ to activate it

A

corepressor, repressor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Trp operon is a(n) _______ operon

A

Repressible Operon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Inducible Operon is ___abolic

A

Catabolic (break down food for energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In an Inducible Operon, repressor is active –> ______ binds to and inactivates repressor

A

inducer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lac operon is a(n) ______ operon

A

Inducible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Negative control

A

operons are switched off by active form of repressor protein
◦ Eg. trp operon, lac operon

23
Q

Positive control

A

regulatory protein interacts directly with genome to increase transcription
◦ Eg. cAMP & CAP

24
Q

cAMP ________ when ______ is scarce

A

accumulates, glucose

25
Q

cAMP binds to ____

A

CAP

26
Q

Differences between cell types is due to _________

A

differential gene expression

27
Q

Different cell types (with identical genomes) ____________ to carry out specific functions

A

turn on different genes

28
Q

Chromatin Structure

A

Tightly bound DNA –> less
accessible for transcription

29
Q

DNA methylation

A

methyl groups added to DNA; tightly packed; ↓ transcription

30
Q

Histone acetylation

A

acetyl groups added to histones; loosened; ↑ transcription

31
Q

Epigenetic Inheritance

A

Modifications on chromatin can be passed on to
future generations

32
Q

Unlike DNA mutations, epigenetic inheritance changes to chromatin ________ (________)

A

Can be reversed, de-methylation of
DNA

33
Q

Reason for identical twins

A

Epigenetic Inheritance

34
Q

Transcription Initiation

A

Specific transcription factors (activators or repressors) bind to control elements (enhancer region)

35
Q

Activators

A

increase transcription

36
Q

Repressors

A

decrease transcription

37
Q

Activators ______ transcription, repressors _______ transcription

A

increase, decrease

38
Q

Transcription Initiation Complex

A

Activators bind to enhancer regions + other proteins+ RNA polymerase

39
Q

Regulation of mRNA:

A

micro RNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can bind to mRNA and degrade it or block translation

40
Q

Embryonic Development

A

Zygote –> Organism

41
Q

Cell Differentiation

A

cells become specialized in
structure & function

42
Q

Morphogenesis

A

“creation of form” – organism’s shape

43
Q

Determination

A

irreversible series of
events that lead to cell differentiation

44
Q

Cytoplasmic determinants

A

maternal substances in egg distributed unevenly in early cells of embryo

45
Q

Induction

A

cells triggered to differentiate

46
Q

Cell-Cell Signals

A

molecules produced by one cell influences neighboring cells
eg. growth factors

47
Q

Pattern formation

A

setting up the body plan (head, tail, L/R, back, front)

48
Q

Morphogens

A

substances that establish an embryo’s axes

49
Q

Homeotic genes

A

master control genes that control pattern formation (eg. Hox genes)

50
Q

Role of Apoptosis

A

(programmed cell death) to sculpture organs and tissues (because most embryonic cells produced in excess)

51
Q

Apoptosis carried out by

A

caspase proteins

52
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

stimulates cell division

53
Q

Tumor-suppressor gene

A

inhibits cell division

APB Ch. 16- 20 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions