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APB Ch. 16- 20 > Chapter 18 - Gene Regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - Gene Regulation Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Genes can be activated by _____ ______, or they can be inhibited by the presence of a _______ as they interact with _______ _______ or
________.

A

Inducer molecules, repressor, regulatory proteins, sequences

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2
Q

Sequence of DNA that codes for a regulatory protein
such as a repressor protein.

A

Regulatory gene

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3
Q

How the components of an operon function to regulate gene expression in
both repressible and inducible operons.

A
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4
Q

How positive and negative control function in gene expression.

A
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5
Q

Impact of DNA methylation and histone acetylation on gene expression.

A
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6
Q

How timing and coordination of specific events are regulated in normal
development, including pattern formation and induction.

A
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7
Q

Role of miRNAs in control of cellular functions.

A
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8
Q

Role of gene regulation in embryonic development and cancer.

A
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9
Q

Operon

A

Cluster of related genes with on/off switch

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10
Q

Three parts of operon

A

Promoter, operator, genes

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11
Q

Promoter

A

where RNA polymerase attaches

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12
Q

Operator

A

“on/off”, controls access of RNA poly

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13
Q

Genes

A

code for related enzymes in a pathway

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14
Q

Repressible Operon

A

ON –> OFF

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15
Q

Inducible Operon

A

OFF –> ON

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16
Q

Repressible Operon is ____abolic

A

Anabolic (build organic molecules)

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17
Q

In a repressible operon, the organic molecule product as as ________ –> bind to _____ to activate it

A

corepressor, repressor

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18
Q

Trp operon is a(n) _______ operon

A

Repressible Operon

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19
Q

Inducible Operon is ___abolic

A

Catabolic (break down food for energy)

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20
Q

In an Inducible Operon, repressor is active –> ______ binds to and inactivates repressor

A

inducer

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21
Q

Lac operon is a(n) ______ operon

A

Inducible

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22
Q

Negative control

Study These Flashcards
A

operons are switched off by active form of repressor protein
◦ Eg. trp operon, lac operon

23
Q

Positive control

Study These Flashcards
A

regulatory protein interacts directly with genome to increase transcription
◦ Eg. cAMP & CAP

24
Q

cAMP ________ when ______ is scarce

Study These Flashcards
A

accumulates, glucose

25
cAMP binds to ____
CAP
26
Differences between cell types is due to _________
differential gene expression
27
Different cell types (with identical genomes) ____________ to carry out specific functions
turn on different genes
28
Chromatin Structure
Tightly bound DNA --> less accessible for transcription
29
DNA methylation
methyl groups added to DNA; tightly packed; ↓ transcription
30
Histone acetylation
acetyl groups added to histones; loosened; ↑ transcription
31
Epigenetic Inheritance
Modifications on chromatin can be passed on to future generations
32
Unlike DNA mutations, epigenetic inheritance changes to chromatin ________ (________)
Can be reversed, de-methylation of DNA
33
Reason for identical twins
Epigenetic Inheritance
34
Transcription Initiation
Specific transcription factors (activators or repressors) bind to control elements (enhancer region)
35
Activators
increase transcription
36
Repressors
decrease transcription
37
Activators ______ transcription, repressors _______ transcription
increase, decrease
38
Transcription Initiation Complex
Activators bind to enhancer regions + other proteins+ RNA polymerase
39
Regulation of mRNA:
micro RNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can bind to mRNA and degrade it or block translation
40
Embryonic Development
Zygote --> Organism
41
Cell Differentiation
cells become specialized in structure & function
42
Morphogenesis
“creation of form” – organism’s shape
43
Determination
irreversible series of events that lead to cell differentiation
44
Cytoplasmic determinants
maternal substances in egg distributed unevenly in early cells of embryo
45
Induction
cells triggered to differentiate
46
Cell-Cell Signals
molecules produced by one cell influences neighboring cells eg. growth factors
47
Pattern formation
setting up the body plan (head, tail, L/R, back, front)
48
Morphogens
substances that establish an embryo’s axes
49
Homeotic genes
master control genes that control pattern formation (eg. Hox genes)
50
Role of Apoptosis
(programmed cell death) to sculpture organs and tissues (because most embryonic cells produced in excess)
51
Apoptosis carried out by
caspase proteins
52
Proto-oncogene
stimulates cell division
53
Tumor-suppressor gene
inhibits cell division

APB Ch. 16- 20 (3 decks)

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