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Biology > Chapter 18 notes (test > Flashcards

Chapter 18 notes (test Flashcards

1
Q

Are all an organism’s genes being expressed at the same time?

A

no, they can be turned on and off as needed

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2
Q

Both _________and____________ can control gene expression in response to ______________

A

prokariotic and eukaryiotic cells, changing environmental conditions

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3
Q

the regultaion of gene expression controls cell ________ in the proccess of _____________ developement

A

differentiation, embryological

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4
Q

Genes are turned on and off by starting or stopping what?

A

transcription

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5
Q

Operator

A

a single switch that control genes in bacteria

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6
Q

a single switch that controls genes in bacteria

A

operator

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7
Q

Operons

A

a unit of genetic function which consists of a promoter, operator, and genes

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8
Q

a unit of genetic function which consists of a promoter, operator, and genes

A

operon

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9
Q

Repressible operons

A

Transcription is usually on, but can be turned off or repressed

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10
Q

Transcription is usually on, but can be turned off or repressed

A

Repressible operons

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11
Q

Repressible operons usually function in ?

A

anabolic pathways

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12
Q

Repressor

A

inactive by itself, binds to the operator and blocks the RNA polymerase, a small protein that can turn the operon off

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13
Q

Regulatory gene

A

makes a specific protein to turn the operator off

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14
Q

corepressor

A

inactive by itself, binds to the repressor to activate it

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15
Q

Inducible Operons

A

Transcription is usually off, but can be turned on, or induced

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16
Q

Transcription is usually off, but can be turned on, or induced

A

inducible operons

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17
Q

inactive by itself, binds to the repressor to activate it

A

corepressor

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18
Q

inactive by itself, binds to the operator and blocks the RNA polymerase, a small protein that can turn the operon off

A

repressor

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19
Q

makes a specific protein to turn the operator off

A

regulatory genes

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20
Q

Inducible operons usually function in….

A

catabolic pathways

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21
Q

inducer

A

a small molecule that inactivates the repressor

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22
Q

Positive gene regulation

A

proteins bind to DNA and encourages transcription

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23
Q

a small molecule that inactivates the repressor

A

inducer

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24
Q

proteins bind to DNA and encourages transcription

A

positive gene regulation

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25
Q

Inducible operons usually function in….

A

catabolic pathways

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26
Q

inducer

A

a small molecule that inactivates the repressor

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27
Q

Positive gene regulation

A

proteins bind to DNA and encourages transcription

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28
Q

a small molecule that inactivates the repressor

A

inducer

29
Q

Histone Modification

A

addition of acetyl groups

30
Q

the loosing of the DNA to promote transcription

A

Chromatin Modification

31
Q

a protein that binds to the promoter and stimulates transcriptoipn of genes , atract RNA polymerase

A

activator

32
Q

Gene exoression may be regulated at what stage of DNA to Protein

A

any

33
Q

Chromatin Modification

A

the loosing of the DNA to promote transcription

34
Q

Histone Modification

A

addition of acetyl groups

35
Q

the loosing of the DNA to promote transcription

A

Chromatin Modification

36
Q

DNA Methylation

A

addition of mathyl groups, inactivates the DNA

37
Q

Epigenetic inheritance

A

the inheritance of traits not directly involved in DNA

38
Q

addition of acetyl groups

A

Histone Modication

39
Q

addition of mathyl groups, inactivates the DNA

A

DNA Methylation

40
Q

the inheritance of traits not directly involved in DNA

A

Epigenetic inheritance

41
Q

control elements

A

segments of non-coding DNA, upsteam frmo the genes, binding sites for proteins called transcription factors

42
Q

segments of non-coding DNA, upsteam frmo the genes, binding sites for proteins called transcription factors

A

control elements

43
Q

enhancers

A

cites on DNA where activators bind that help control transcriptoin animation

44
Q

cell type- specific transcription

A

gene expression varies from cell to cell because different activators are available in different cells

45
Q

cites on DNA where activators bind that help control transcriptoin animation

A

enhancers

46
Q

ncRNA

A

noncoding RNA, not involved with protein synthesis

47
Q

miRNA, siRNA

A

prevent gene expression by 1)breaking down RNA 2) stop translation

48
Q

mRNA Degradation

A

RNA is broken down in cytoplasm, after a few hours, days, or weeks

49
Q

RNA is broken down in cytoplasm, after a few hours, days, or weeks

A

mRNA Degradation

50
Q

Regulatory proteins can block attachment of ______ to ________thus preventing ___________

A

mRNA, ribosomes, translation

51
Q

ncRNA

A

noncoding RNA, not involved with protein synthesis

52
Q

DNA Methylation

A

addition of mathyl groups, inactivates the DNA

53
Q

Epigenetic inheritance

A

the inheritance of traits not directly involved in DNA

54
Q

addition of acetyl groups

A

Histone Modication

55
Q

addition of mathyl groups, inactivates the DNA

A

DNA Methylation

56
Q

the inheritance of traits not directly involved in DNA

A

Epigenetic inheritance

57
Q

control elements

A

segments of non-coding DNA, upsteam frmo the genes, binding sites for proteins called transcription factors

58
Q

segments of non-coding DNA, upsteam frmo the genes, binding sites for proteins called transcription factors

A

control elements

59
Q

enhancers

A

cites on DNA where activators bind that help control transcriptoin animation

60
Q

cell type- specific transcription

A

gene expression varies from cell to cell because different activators are available in different cells

61
Q

cites on DNA where activators bind that help control transcriptoin animation

A

enhancers

62
Q

Alternative RNA splicing

A

different mRNA molecules can be made from same portion of DNA

63
Q

different mRNA molecules can be made from same portion of DNA

A

Alternative RNA splicing

64
Q

mRNA Degradation

A

RNA is broken down in cytoplasm, after a few hours, days, or weeks

65
Q

RNA is broken down in cytoplasm, after a few hours, days, or weeks

A

mRNA Degradation

66
Q

Regulatory proteins can block attachment of ______ to ________thus preventing ___________

A

mRNA, ribosomes, translation

67
Q

ncRNA

A

noncoding RNA, not involved with protein synthesis

68
Q

miRNA, siRNA

A

prevent gene expression by 1)breaking down RNA 2) stop translation

69
Q

miRNA, siRNA

A

prevent gene expression by 1)breaking down RNA 2) stop translation

Biology (19 decks)

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