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Biology > Chapter 18 notes (test > Flashcards

Chapter 18 notes (test Flashcards

1
Q

Are all an organism’s genes being expressed at the same time?

A

no, they can be turned on and off as needed

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2
Q

Both _________and____________ can control gene expression in response to ______________

A

prokariotic and eukaryiotic cells, changing environmental conditions

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3
Q

the regultaion of gene expression controls cell ________ in the proccess of _____________ developement

A

differentiation, embryological

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4
Q

Genes are turned on and off by starting or stopping what?

A

transcription

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5
Q

Operator

A

a single switch that control genes in bacteria

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6
Q

a single switch that controls genes in bacteria

A

operator

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7
Q

Operons

A

a unit of genetic function which consists of a promoter, operator, and genes

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8
Q

a unit of genetic function which consists of a promoter, operator, and genes

A

operon

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9
Q

Repressible operons

A

Transcription is usually on, but can be turned off or repressed

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10
Q

Transcription is usually on, but can be turned off or repressed

A

Repressible operons

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11
Q

Repressible operons usually function in ?

A

anabolic pathways

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12
Q

Repressor

A

inactive by itself, binds to the operator and blocks the RNA polymerase, a small protein that can turn the operon off

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13
Q

Regulatory gene

A

makes a specific protein to turn the operator off

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14
Q

corepressor

A

inactive by itself, binds to the repressor to activate it

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15
Q

Inducible Operons

A

Transcription is usually off, but can be turned on, or induced

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16
Q

Transcription is usually off, but can be turned on, or induced

A

inducible operons

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17
Q

inactive by itself, binds to the repressor to activate it

A

corepressor

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18
Q

inactive by itself, binds to the operator and blocks the RNA polymerase, a small protein that can turn the operon off

A

repressor

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19
Q

makes a specific protein to turn the operator off

A

regulatory genes

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20
Q

Inducible operons usually function in….

A

catabolic pathways

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21
Q

inducer

A

a small molecule that inactivates the repressor

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22
Q

Positive gene regulation

A

proteins bind to DNA and encourages transcription

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23
Q

a small molecule that inactivates the repressor

A

inducer

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24
Q

proteins bind to DNA and encourages transcription

A

positive gene regulation

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25
Inducible operons usually function in....
catabolic pathways
26
inducer
a small molecule that inactivates the repressor
27
Positive gene regulation
proteins bind to DNA and encourages transcription
28
a small molecule that inactivates the repressor
inducer
29
Histone Modification
addition of acetyl groups
30
the loosing of the DNA to promote transcription
Chromatin Modification
31
a protein that binds to the promoter and stimulates transcriptoipn of genes , atract RNA polymerase
activator
32
Gene exoression may be regulated at what stage of DNA to Protein
any
33
Chromatin Modification
the loosing of the DNA to promote transcription
34
Histone Modification
addition of acetyl groups
35
the loosing of the DNA to promote transcription
Chromatin Modification
36
DNA Methylation
addition of mathyl groups, inactivates the DNA
37
Epigenetic inheritance
the inheritance of traits not directly involved in DNA
38
addition of acetyl groups
Histone Modication
39
addition of mathyl groups, inactivates the DNA
DNA Methylation
40
the inheritance of traits not directly involved in DNA
Epigenetic inheritance
41
control elements
segments of non-coding DNA, upsteam frmo the genes, binding sites for proteins called transcription factors
42
segments of non-coding DNA, upsteam frmo the genes, binding sites for proteins called transcription factors
control elements
43
enhancers
cites on DNA where activators bind that help control transcriptoin animation
44
cell type- specific transcription
gene expression varies from cell to cell because different activators are available in different cells
45
cites on DNA where activators bind that help control transcriptoin animation
enhancers
46
ncRNA
noncoding RNA, not involved with protein synthesis
47
miRNA, siRNA
prevent gene expression by 1)breaking down RNA 2) stop translation
48
mRNA Degradation
RNA is broken down in cytoplasm, after a few hours, days, or weeks
49
RNA is broken down in cytoplasm, after a few hours, days, or weeks
mRNA Degradation
50
Regulatory proteins can block attachment of ______ to ________thus preventing ___________
mRNA, ribosomes, translation
51
ncRNA
noncoding RNA, not involved with protein synthesis
52
DNA Methylation
addition of mathyl groups, inactivates the DNA
53
Epigenetic inheritance
the inheritance of traits not directly involved in DNA
54
addition of acetyl groups
Histone Modication
55
addition of mathyl groups, inactivates the DNA
DNA Methylation
56
the inheritance of traits not directly involved in DNA
Epigenetic inheritance
57
control elements
segments of non-coding DNA, upsteam frmo the genes, binding sites for proteins called transcription factors
58
segments of non-coding DNA, upsteam frmo the genes, binding sites for proteins called transcription factors
control elements
59
enhancers
cites on DNA where activators bind that help control transcriptoin animation
60
cell type- specific transcription
gene expression varies from cell to cell because different activators are available in different cells
61
cites on DNA where activators bind that help control transcriptoin animation
enhancers
62
Alternative RNA splicing
different mRNA molecules can be made from same portion of DNA
63
different mRNA molecules can be made from same portion of DNA
Alternative RNA splicing
64
mRNA Degradation
RNA is broken down in cytoplasm, after a few hours, days, or weeks
65
RNA is broken down in cytoplasm, after a few hours, days, or weeks
mRNA Degradation
66
Regulatory proteins can block attachment of ______ to ________thus preventing ___________
mRNA, ribosomes, translation
67
ncRNA
noncoding RNA, not involved with protein synthesis
68
miRNA, siRNA
prevent gene expression by 1)breaking down RNA 2) stop translation
69
miRNA, siRNA
prevent gene expression by 1)breaking down RNA 2) stop translation

Biology (19 decks)

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