Chapter 18 Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Organic Molecules

Answer 1

molecules containing carbon combined w several other elements

Question 2

Organic Chemistry

Answer 2

the study of carbon-containing compounds and their reaction

Question 3

Carbon Bonding + Geometry

Answer 3

always forms 4 bonds

4 bonds =tetrahedral
2 double +2 single bonds =trigonal planar
triple bond +single bond = linear

Question 4

Hydrocarbons

Answer 4

compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogens

-all undergo combustion rxn
fuel + O2 > CO2 + H2O + energy

Question 5

4 Types of Hydrocarbons

Answer 5

Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Question 6

Alkanes

Answer 6

CnH2n+2

contains only single bonds bc they are saturated (loaded to capacity)
-bonded on straight chain

Question 7

Alkenes

Answer 7

CnH2n

contains atleast one double bond b/w carbon atoms

Question 8

Alkynes

Answer 8

CnH2n-2

contains atleast one triple bonds b/w carbon atoms

Question 9

Saturated Hydrocarbons

Answer 9

alkanes

CnH2n+2

Question 10

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Answer 10

alkenes
alkynes
aromatic hydrocarbons

Question 11

Condense Structural Formula for Alkanes

Answer 11

shorthand way to write a structural formula

ex) C2H6 
structural:
....H..H.
.....|....|
H-C-C-H
.....|....|
....H..H.
shorthand structural:
CH3CH3

Question 12

n-Alkanes

Answer 12

normal alkanes
composed of straight chain, no branching

-as # of carbons increase, so does their boiling point

Question 13

Isomers

Answer 13

same formula, different structure

ex) butane is a chain, isobutain is branched

Question 14

Prefixes for Alkanes

Answer 14

-based on the number of carbons on the longest continuous carbon chain

1 - meth
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex
7 - hept
8 - oct
9 - non
10 - dec

Question 15

Names for Alkanes

Answer 15

long chain prefix + -ane

branches prefix + -yl

Question 16

Condensed Structural Formula for Alkenes

Answer 16

ex
....H....H.
.....|......|
....C==C
.....|......|
....H....H.

condensed structural form:
CH2=CH2

Question 17

ALKYL GROUPS

Answer 17

groups of carbon atoms branching off the base chain

Question 18

Name for Alkene

Answer 18

[# carbon w double bond] - [prefix of # of C on long chain] + [-ene]

ex) CH

Question 19

Name for Alkynes

Answer 19

[# carbon w double bond] - [prefix of # of C on long chain] + [-yne]

Question 20

Alkene + Alkyne Addition Rxn

Answer 20

one bond from a double/triple bond is removed and 1 or more atoms are added.

ex) C=C + CL2 -> CL-C-C-CL

Question 21

Alkane Substitution Rxn

Answer 21

single bonds only

1 or more H is replaced with 1 or more atoms

Question 22

Aromatic

Answer 22

has a ring of carbons with alternating double and single bonds

Question 23

Combustion

Answer 23

burning of hydrocarbon in the presence of oxygen
highly exothermic for heat/energy
-hydrocarbon + O2 = CO2

Question 24

Hydrogenation Rxn

Answer 24

alkenes and alkynes(unsaturated) can add more hydrogens

-turns saturated

Question 25

Benzene

Answer 25

C6H6 | -C-C bonds are an intermediate between single and double bonds (all bonds are the same length)

Question 26

Monosubstituted Benzenes

Answer 26

a benzene in which only 1 H has been substituted with an alkyl group or another atom [name of substituent]+[benzene]

Question 27

Disubstituted Benzenes

Answer 27

2 H are substituted with another alkyl group or atom | NAMING: numbered and the substituents are named alphabetically

Question 28

Functional Groups

Answer 28

families of org. compounds contain characteristic of an atom/group of atoms has been inserted into the hydrocarbon - represents the hydrocarbon - G represents the functional group ex) alcohol family contains R-OH like CH3-CH-OH or CH3-OH

Question 29

Families (7)

Answer 29

``` 1 alcohol 2 ethers 3 aldehydes 4 ketones 5 carboxylic acids 6 esters 7 amines ```

Question 30

Alcohol

Answer 30

ROH R-OH

Question 31

Ethers

Answer 31

ROR R-O-R

Question 32

Aldehydes

Answer 32

RCHO ....O .....|| R-C-H

Question 33

Ketones

Answer 33

RCOR ....O .....|| R-C-R

Question 34

Carboxylic Acid

Answer 34

RCOOH ....O .....|| R-C-OH

Question 35

Esters

Answer 35

RCOOR ....O .....|| R-C-OR

Question 36

Amines

Answer 36

R3N ....R .....| R-N-R

Question 37

How does an alkyl group differ from its parent alkane?

Answer 37

An alkyl group contains one less hydrogen atom than its parent alkane.