Chapter 3 - Matter and Energy

Question 1

Physical Properties of Matter

Answer 1

do NOT involve change in composition

ex) odor (gas does not change property)

Question 2

Chemical Properties of Matter

Answer 2

involve a change in composition

• corrosiveness, flamability, acidity, toxicity
  ex) flammability (gas changed composition when it burns)

Question 3

Physical Change

Answer 3

he appearance of matter may change, but its composition does not

• state change
• results in a different form of the same substance

ex) water vapor to liquid form

Question 4

Chemical Change

Answer 4

the composition of matter change
-results in a completely new substance

ex) iron can rust (iron to iron oxide)

Question 5

Conservation of Mass

Answer 5

• matter is always conserved,
• the sum of mass reactants must equal the sum of masses of the products
  ex) AB=A+B

Question 6

Energy

Answer 6

energy is conserved, it can be neither created not destroyed
-capacity to do work

-units are joule (J), calorie (cal), nutritional calorie (Cal), and kilowatt-hour (kWh)

Question 7

Exothermic

Answer 7

chem rxn that emit energy

Question 8

Endothermic

Answer 8

chem rxn that absorb energy

Question 9

Temperature

Answer 9

-related to random motions of the molecules and atoms

Question 10

Temperature -

3 Scales of Measurement

Answer 10

1 Fahrenheit (F)
2 Celsius (C)
3 Kelvin (K)

Question 11

Heat Capacity

Answer 11

temp that change the matter undergoes upon absorption of heat is related to the heat capacity of the substance composing the matter

Question 12

States of Matter

Answer 12

1 Liquid
2 Gas
3 Solid (Amporphous or Crystalline)

Question 13

Classification of Matter

Answer 13

Pure matter or Compound

Question 14

Pure Matter

Answer 14

an element (cannot be decomposed into a simpler substance)

Question 15

Compound

Answer 15

a substance composed of 2 or more elements in fixed definite proportions

Question 16

Mixtures

Answer 16

2 or more different substances

-proportion of which may vary from one sample to the next

Question 17

Homogeneous Mixture

Answer 17

having the same composition throughout

Question 18

Heterogeneous Mixture

Answer 18

having a composition that varies from region to region

Question 19

Molecule

Answer 19

2 or more elements joined together

Question 20

Substance

Answer 20

a catch all word for molecule, element, or comb of moles and elements.

Question 21

Solid Matter

Answer 21

• atoms or moles pack close to each other in fixed positions
• neighboring atoms/moles may vibrate or oscillate but they do not move around each other
• has fixed vol, rigid shape

Question 22

Crystalline Solid

Answer 22

atoms/moles are arranged in geometric patterns w long-range, repeating order

ex) salt and diamond

Question 23

Amorphous Solid

Answer 23

atoms/moles DO NOT have long-range order

ex) glass, rubber, plastic

Question 24

Liquids

Answer 24

atoms/moles are close to each other but are free to move around

• assume the shape of their containers
• fixed volume

Question 25

Gas

Answer 25

atoms/moles are separated by large distances + free to move relative to one another - compressible - always assume the shape + vol of their containers

Question 26

Pure substance

Answer 26

composed of only one type of atom/molecule

Question 27

Mixture

Answer 27

composed of 2 or more substances

Question 28

Element

Answer 28

a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substance

Question 29

Compound

Answer 29

pure substance composed of 2 or more elements | -more common that pure elements in nature like water, table salt, + sugar

Question 30

Matter (branch)

Answer 30

MATTER can be Pure Substance of Mixture PURE SUBSTANCE can be element or compound Mixture can be hetero or homogenous

Question 31

State Changes

Answer 31

-always physical changes

Question 32

Vaporization

Answer 32

-a physical change

Question 33

Distillation

Answer 33

separates mixtures thru physical changes

Question 34

Filtration

Answer 34

separates mixtures thru physical changes

Question 35

changes in mass

Answer 35

- in nuclear rxn, significant changes in mass can occur | - in chem rxn, changes in mass are so minute, that they can be ignored

Question 36

Work

Answer 36

the result of a force acting over a distance

Question 37

6 Laws of Conservation of Energy

Answer 37

1 energy is conserved 2 energy is neither created, nor destroyed 3 total amt. of energy is constant 4 energy can be changed from one form to another 5 energy can be transferred from one object to another 6 cannot be created out of nothing, and it does not vanish into nothing

Question 38

2 types of Energy

Answer 38

Kinetic and Potential

Question 39

Kinetic Energy

Answer 39

associated w motion

Question 40

Potential Energy

Answer 40

associated w its position or composition

Question 41

Electrical Energy

Answer 41

associated w flow of electrical charge

Question 42

Thermal Energy

Answer 42

associated w the random motions of atoms + moles in matter

Question 43

Chemical Energy

Answer 43

- form of potential energy | - associated w the positions of the particles that compose a chem system

Question 44

calorie cal

Answer 44

the amt of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1C -cal is a larger unit than J

Question 45

Cal to cal

Answer 45

1 Cal = 1,000 cal

Question 46

cal to J

Answer 46

1 cal = 4.184 J

Question 47

KwH to J

Answer 47

1 kWh = 3.60x10to6power J

Question 48

Potential Energy of Raised Weight

Answer 48

energy wants to move from High PotL Energy (unstable) to Low potL Energy (stable) ex) a brick lifted of the ground has higher potl energy than a brick on the ground

Question 49

Heat

Answer 49

has units of energy | -the transfer or exchange of thermal energy caused by a temp difference

Question 50

Temperature

Answer 50

is a measure of thermal energy of matter (not the exchange of thermal energy)

Question 51

Fahrenheit

Answer 51

``` 0F - freezing pt. of saltH20 96F - norm body temp 32F - H20 freeze 212F - H20 boils ~72F - norm room temp ```

Question 52

Celsius

Answer 52

0C - H20 freeze 100C - H20 boils ~22C - room temp

Question 53

Kelvin

Answer 53

(avoids neg temp) 273K - H20 freeze 373K - H20 boils ~295K - room temp

Question 54

Absolute Zero

Answer 54

0K, 273C, 499F

Question 55

Water Freeze

Answer 55

273K, 0C, 32F

Question 56

Water Boil

Answer 56

373K, 100C, 212F

Question 57

C to K

Answer 57

K = C + 273.15

Question 58

C to F

Answer 58

F = 1.8C + 32

Question 59

Heat equation

Answer 59

q=(m)x(C)x(change in temp)

Question 60

q=m x C x change in T

Answer 60

q heat in J m is mass in grams C is specific heat cap in Celsius T temp change in Celsius