Chapter 18: The Integumentary System Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Bony prominences
A
Areas of the body where the bone lies close to the skin
2
Q
Bruise
A
A purple, black, or blue discoloration on the skin caused by the leakage of blood from broken blood vessels into the surrounding tissues; also called a contusion
3
Q
Dermatitis
A
Inflammation of the skin
4
Q
Dermis
A
The inner layer of the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin
5
Q
Epidermis
A
The outer layer of the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin
6
Q
Gangrene
A
Death of tissue caused by infection or lack of blood flow
7
Q
Integument
A
Natural protective covering
8
Q
Lesion
A
An area of abnormal tissue or an injury or wound
9
Q
Melanin
A
The pigment that gives skin its color
10
Q
Melanocyte
A
Cell in the skin that produces and contains the pigment called melanin
11
Q
Necrosis
A
The death of living cells or tissues caused by disease or injury
12
Q
Open Wound
A
A type of wound in which the skin’s surface i snot intact
13
Q
Pressure points
A
Areas of the body that bear much of its weight
14
Q
Pressure ulcer
A
A serious wound resulting from skin breakdown; also known as pressure sore, decubitus ulcer, or bed sore
15
Q
Psoriasis
A
A chronic skin condition caused by skin cells growing too quickly which results in red, white, or silver patches, itching, and discomfort
16
Q
Scabies
A
A contagious skin infection caused by mites burrowing into the skin that results in pimple-like irritations, rashes, intense itching, and sores
17
Q
Shingles
A
A viral infection caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox; results in pain, itching, and rashes
18
Q
Sitz Bath
A
A warm soak of the perineal area to clean perineal wounds and reduce inflammation and pain
19
Q
Skin cancer
A
The growth of abnormal skin cells
20
Q
Tinea
A
A fungal infection that causes red, scaly patches to appear in a ring shape, generally on the upper body, or the hands and feet
21
Q
Wart
A
Contagious hard bump caused by a virus
22
Q
What makes up the integumentary system?
A
1) Skin
2) Hair
3) Nails
4) Sebaceous (oil) Glands
5) Sweat glands
6) Subcutaneous tissue
7) Nerve endings
23
Q
What is the largest organ in the human body?
A
The skin
24
Q
Important points about the integumentary system
A
1) Natural, protective covering
2) Largest organ and system
3) Covers and protects the body
4) Skin is a sense organ
25
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
1) Protects internal organs from injury
2) Protects body against bacteria
3) Prevents loss of too much water
4) Regulates body temperature
5) Responds to heat, cold, pain, pressure, and touch
6) Excretes waste products in sweat
7) Helps with production of vitamin D
26
What are normal changes of aging in the integumentary system?
1) Amount of fat and collagen decreases
2) Elastic fibers lose elasticity
3) Hair and nail growth slows
4) Skin becomes drier
5) Skin becomes thinner and more fragile
6) Protective fatty layer thins
7) Hair thins and turns gray
8) Brown spots may appear on the skin
27
What causes burns and scalds?
1) Fire
2) Hot liquids
3) Warm water applications
4) Electrical equipment
5) Hot objects
6) Certain chemicals
28
What part of the skin does a first-degree burn affect?
They are also called superficial burns. They affect the epidermis and cause redness and pain
29
What is a second-degree burn?
It is also called a partial-thickness burn. They affect the dermis and cause some skin damage, redness, pain, swelling, and blistering
30
What is a third-degree burn?
Also called a full-thickness burn. It burns the epidermis, dermis, underlying tissue, and causes serious scarring. A third-degree burn may affect muscle and bone, white or charred skin, pain, swelling, and peeling skin
31
Important points about burns and scalds
1) May require surgery
2) Can cause resident's condition to deteriorate rapidly
3) Offer pain medication before beginning care
4) Be gentle with moving and positioning
5) Report pus or other fluids around burn area or complaints of pain
32
What causes scabies?
Mites that burrow into the skin to lay eggs
33
What are the symptoms of scabies?
1) rash
2) Intense itching
3) Sores that may become infected
34
How is scabies usually transmitted?
Through person-to-person contact
35
Who are at a higher risk for scabies?
The Elderly and those with weak immune systems
36
What do you use to treat scabies?
Special lotions
37
What causes shingles?
Viral infections such as varicella-zoster (The virus that causes chickenpox)
38
What are the symptoms of shingles?
1) begins with pain or itching where rash will appear
2) Fever
3) Chills
39
Important points about shingles
1) Can occur in anyone who has had chickenpox
2) Pain may last for may years
3) Virus is spread when in blister form
4) Keep rash covered at all times
40
What are some types of open wounds?
1) Abrasion
2) Avulsion
3) Incision
4) Laceration
5) Puncture wound
41
`What is one common type of closed wound?
a contusion or bruise
42
What are symptom of wounds?
1) Pain
2) Tissue damage
3) Discoloration
4) Bleeding
5) Fever
6) Chills
7) Trouble breathing
43
What is the treatment for wounds?
1) stop bleeding
2) Cleaning wound
3) Applying dressing
44
What are the types of skin lesions?
1) Macules
2) Papules
3) Pustules
4) Vesicles
5) Wheals
6) Hematoma
7) Purpura
45
What are macules?
The simplest skin lesion. They are flat spots that can be seen but not felt. They are visible because they change the color of the skin. Freckles are an example.
46
What are papules?
Skin lesions that are raise, little round bumps on the skin. They do not contain pus. Contact dermatitis is an example.
47
What are pustules?
Raised spots filled with pus, such as acne or infected boils
48
What are vesicles?
Small blisters that contain fluid. They can occur on the skin or inside the mouth. Chickenpox is an example
49
What are wheals?
Large raised, irregular areas, that are usually itchy. Hives from an allergic reaction are an example
50
What is a hematoma?
A collection of blood in one area. The spot can be visible as a bruise, but may also occur on internal organs. Hematomas can become larger over time. They may also change color.
51
What are purpuras?
Small, purplish spots caused by bleeding under the skin. In elderly people, these spots are called senile purpura. Senile purpura occurs because blood vessels become more fragile with age
52
What causes Gangrene?
1) Lack of blood flow
2) Burns
3) Diabetes
4) Injuries
5) Circulatory disorders
6) Weakened immune system
7) Complications from surgery
53
What are the symptoms of Gangrene?
1) Discoloration of skin
2) Sores that do not heal
3) Pain
4) Loss of feeling
5) Foulsmellling discharge
6) Chills
7) Change in vital signs
54
What treatment is needed for Gangrene?
1) Antibiotics
2) Surgery
3) Amputation
4) Hospitilization
55
What is one type of dermatitis?
Eczema
56
What causes Dermatitis?
1) Stress
2) Allergies
3) Family history
4) Irritating agents in enviornment
57
What treatment for dermatits?
1) Topical steriod creams
| 2) Soothing or drying lotions
58
What causes Cellulitis?
Bacteria moving deep into the tissues due to a break in the skin
59
What puts a person at a higher risk for cellulitis?
1) Diabetes
2) Edema
3) Obesity
4) Weakened immune system
60
What are the symptoms of psoriasis?
1) White or silver patches on skin
2) Itching and discomfort
3) Arthritis
4) Pain
61
What causes psoriasis?
1) Heredity
2) Dry climate
3) Cold weather
4) Stress
5) Weakened immune system
62
What treatment is needed for psoriasis?
1) Topical creams
2) Shampoos
3) Lotions
4) Medication
5) Phototherapy
6) Dietary changes
7) Sun therapy
63
What are the causes of fungal infections?
Overgrowth of fungus due to overuse of antibiotics and reduced immune system function
64
What are the symptoms of fungal infections?
1) Red scaly patches
2) Itching
3) rawness
4) Pain
65
What are some examples of fungal infections?
1) Jock itch
2) Vaginal yeast infection
3) Athlete's food
4) Tinea
66
Treatment form fungal infections
1) Topical antifungal creams
| 2) Medications
67
Where do fungal infection most commonly occur on the body?
moist areas of the body
68
What causes a wart?
Contagious virus enters skin through cut or tear
69
What treatment is used for warts?
1) Medication
| 2) Removal with laser or special instrument
70
What is the most serious form of skin cancer?
Malignant melanoma
71
What causes skin cancer?
Sun exposure
72
What are the symptoms of skin cancer?
1) Changes in a mole
2) Wart
3) Spot on the skin
4) Sores that do not heal
5) Itching
6) Pain
7) Skin that is oozing or bleeding
73
What is the treatment for skin cancer?
1) Removing cancerous area and tissue
| 2) interferon
74
Obesity increases the risk for what?
1) Pressure ulcers
2) Skin infections such as cellulitis
3) Excess facial and body hair
4) Slow wound healing
75
What are the pressure ulcer danger zones for the lateral position?
1) Side of the head
2) Ear
3) Shoulder
4) Hip
5) Greater Trochanter
6) Knees
7) Ankles
76
What are the pressure ulcer danger zones for the prone position?
1) Cheek
2) Collarbone
3) Breats (Women)
4) Buttocks
6) Genitals (Men)
7) Knees
8) Toes
77
What are the pressure ulcer danger zones for the Supine position?
1) Back of the head
2) Shoulder blades
3) Elbows
4) Abdomen
5) Sacrum
6) Between the legs
7) Heels
78
How many stages of pressure ulcers are there?
4
79
Describe a stage 1 pressure ulcer
1) Skin is intact, but reddens or appears blue or gray
2) May appear purple or darker than the skin surrounding the area in dark complexions
3) Redness or discoloration is not relieved after removing pressure
4) Can be reversed if discovered promptly and treated
5) If not treated promptly, the pressure ulcer will worsen and progress into other stages
80
Describe a stage 2 pressure ulcer
1) Partial-thickness skin loss involving the epidermis and the dermis
2) Ulcer is superficial and looks like a blister or shallow crater
3) Accompanied by pain and tenderness
4) Skin around the pressure ulcer may be discolored
5) No dead (Necrotic) tissue in the site at this stage
81
Describe a stage 3 pressure ulcer
1) Full-thickness skin loss (both the epidermis and dermis will be gone)
2) Ulcer looks like a shallow or deep crater
3) Bottom of the wound may have yellow, dead tissue
4) Damage may extend to the tissue that covers muscle
5) Require weeks or months to fully heal
82
Describe a stage 4 pressure ulcer
1) Full-thickness skin loss extending through all layers of the skin, tissue, and possible, muscle, bone, and other structure, such as joints or tendons
2) Ulcer will look like a deep crater and will have some necrotic tissue
3) Healing process extends over months
4) Serious infections can result
5) May require a skin graft
83
List the risk factors for pressure ulcers
1) Immobility
2) Wrinkled linens that do not lie flat
3) Crumbs or other irritating objects in bed
4) Malnutrition or dehydration
5) Urinary and fecal incontinence
84
List the guidelines for prevention of pressure ulcers
1) Report changes in skin
2) Perform regular skin care and closely observe skin
3) Keep skin clean and dry
4) Assist immobile residents to change position often, at least every two hours
5) Ask residents in wheelchairs to change position at least every 15 minutes
6) Avoid rubbing skin against surfaces during transfers or repositioning
7) Keep linens dry, clean, and wrinkle-free
8) Perform ROM exercises as ordered
9) Use special positioning devices
10) Use pillows to separate skin surfaces
11) Follow diet and fluid orders
85
How does a heat application help a resident?
1) relieves pain and muscular tension
2) Decreases swelling
3) Elevates temperature in the tissues
4) Increases waste removal
5) Brings more oxygen and nutrients to tissues for healing
86
How does cold application help a resident?
1) Helps stop bleeding
2) Prevents swelling
3) Reduces pain
4) Brings down high temperatures
87
What helps strengthen the effect of heat and cold?
Moisture
88
Sitz baths cause an increase in what?
Circulation to the pelvic area
89
What decreases because of a sitz bath?
Blood flow and other parts of the body decrease
90
How may a resident feel after a sitz bath?
1) Weak
2) Faint
3) Dizzy
91
When should a nursing assistant stop the sitz bath?
IF the resident complains of feeling dizzy or faint. Sitz baths may cause the urge to void
92
What are Non-sterile dressings?
Dressings that are applied to wounds that have less chance of infection
93
What are Sterile dressings?
Dressings that are required when a wound is new, open or draining, or when there is a higher risk of infection
94
Important points about sterile dressing care
1) Sterile field is created
2) Use supplies considered sterile
3) If any part of the sterile field becomes contaminated, the entire process must be restarted
95
What supplies are considered sterile?
1) Sterile dressings
2) Sterile drapes or pads
3) Tubing and catheters
