Chapter 18 Vocabulary

Question 2

A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription. In prokaryotes, these bind in or near the promoter; in eukaryotes, they bind to control elements in enhancers.

Answer 2

activator

Question 3

A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns.

Answer 3

alternative RNA splicing

Question 4

Structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialties during multicellular organisms development. This depends on the control of gene expression.

Answer 4

Cell differention

Question 5

Segment of noncoding DNA that helps regulate transcription of a gene by binding a transcription factor. Multiple of these are preset in eukaryotic genes enhancer.

Answer 5

Control element

Question 6

Small molecule that Biden’s to bacterial repressor protein and changes its cheaper, allowing it to switch and operon on and off.

Answer 6

Corepressor

Question 7

A ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells. Its also a regulator of some bacterial operons.

Answer 7

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Question 8

Material substance, such as protein or RNA placed into egg that influences the course of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells.

Answer 8

Cytoplasmic determinants

Question 9

Progressive restriction of developmental potential in which possible fate of each cell becomes more limited as an embryo develops. At the end of this,a cell is committed to its fate.

Answer 9

Determination

Question 10

Expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome

Answer 10

Differential gene expression

Question 11

Gene that helps control orientation(polarity) of egg, also called maternal effect gene

Answer 11

Egg-polarity gene

Question 12

Segment of eukaryotic DNA containing multiple control elements, usually located fat the gene whose transcription it regulates.

Answer 12

Enhancer

Question 13

Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence of a genome.

Answer 13

Epigenetic Inheritance

Question 14

Method of metabolic control in which the end product of metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of enzyme within that pathway.

Answer 14

Feedback inhibition

Question 15

Phenomomen in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the alleles is inherited from the male or female parent.

Answer 15

Genomic Imprinting

Question 16

Small protein with high proportion of positively charged amino acid that Biden’s to negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure.

Answer 16

Histone

Question 17

Attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins

Answer 17

Histone acytylation

Question 18

Master of regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants, +fungi by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells.

Answer 18

Homeotic gene

Question 19

Specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the repressors shape s that it cannot bind to operator, thus switching it on.

Answer 19

Inducer

Question 20

Process in which one group of embryonic cells influence developmental of another usually by causing changes in gene expression.

Answer 20

Induction

Question 21

Small single stranded RNA molecule, generated from hairprin structure on precursor RNA transcribed from particular gene. Associated with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an complementary sequence.

Answer 21

Micro-RNA (miRNA)

Question 22

Gene found in viral or cellular genomes that is involved in triggering molecular events that can lead to cancer.

Answer 22

Oncogene

Question 23

Bacterial DNA: sequence of nucleotides, near start of operon to which an active repressor can attach. Binding of repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to promoter and transcribing the genes of protein.

Answer 23

Operator

Question 24

Unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages, consisting of promoter, operator, coordinately regulated cluster of genes whose products function in a common pathway.

Answer 24

Operon

Question 25

Tumor suppressor gene that codes for specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of cell-cycle inhibiting proteins

Answer 25

p53

Question 26

Development of nuclear multicellular organisms spatial organization, arrangement of organs and issues in their characteristics places in three-dimensional space

Answer 26

Pattern formation

Question 27

Molecular cues that control pattern formation in animal or plant embryonic structure by indicating a cells location relative to the organisms body axes. These cues elicit a response by genes that regulate development,

Answer 27

Positional information

Question 28

Giant protein complex recognizing and destroying proteins tagged for elimination by small protein ubiquitin

Answer 28

Proteasome

Question 29

Normal cellular gene that has potential to become an oncogene

Answer 29

Proto-oncogene

Question 30

Codes from RAS, a G protein that relays growth signal from a growth factor receptor on that plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinase. ultimately resulting in stimulation of cell cycle.

Answer 30

Ras gene

Question 31

Gene that comes from protein, such as repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes

Answer 31

regulatory gene

Question 32

Protein inhibiting gene transcription. Proartyoes, they bind to DNA or near promotes, in euk- they may bind to control elements within enhancers to activators, or to other proteins in a way that blocks activators from binding to DNA

Answer 32

Repressor

Question 33

Technique used to silence expression of selected genes. Uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules that match sequence of particular gene to trigger breakdown of genes messenger RNA

Answer 33

RNA interference (RNAi)

Question 34

Small- single stranded RNA molecule generated by cellular machinery from long double stranded RNA molecule. Associated with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of MRNA with commentary sequence. Can also block transctio by promoting chromatin modification

Answer 34

Small interfacing RNA (siRNA)

Question 35

Gene whose protein inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer,

Answer 35

Tumor-supressor gene