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medical terminolgy > chapter 19 > Flashcards

chapter 19 Flashcards

cancer medicine (oncology)

1
Q

-suppression

A

to stop

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2
Q

-blastoma

A

immature tumor

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3
Q

-genesis

A

formation

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4
Q

-oma

A

mass, tumor

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5
Q

-plasia & -plasm

A

formation, growth

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6
Q

-therapy

A

treatment

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7
Q

5-FSU

A

5-fluorouracil

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8
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

cancerous (malignant) tumor of glandular tissue

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9
Q

adjuvant chemotherapy

A

assessing primary treatment with drugs, this is given after surgery or radiation to attack small deposits of cancer cells undetected by diagnostic techniques

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10
Q

AFP

A

alpha-fetoprotein

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11
Q

alkylating agents

A

synthetic chemical containing alkyl groups that attack DNA

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12
Q

alopecia

A

chemotherapy for ovarian cancer causes loss of hair on the head

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13
Q

alveol/o

A

small sac

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14
Q

alveolar

A

pattern resembling small, microscopic sacs

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15
Q

ana-

A

backward

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16
Q

anaplasia

A

loss of differentiation of cells

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17
Q

angiogenesis

A

process of forming new blood vessels

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18
Q

antibiotics

A

chemicals produced by bacteria or primitive plants; inhibit growth of cells

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19
Q

antimetabolites

A

chemicals that prevent cell division; inhibit formation of substances needed to make DNA

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20
Q

antimiotics

A

drugs that block cell division

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21
Q

apo-

A

off, away

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22
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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23
Q

ATRA

A

all-transretinoic

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24
Q

benign tumor

A

noncancerous growth (neoplasm)

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25
Q

beta-hCG test

A

test for presence of a portion of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (marker for testicular cancer)

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26
Q

biological response modifiers

A

produced by normal cells; directly block tumor growth or stimulate immune system to fight cancer

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27
Q

biological therapy

A

use of the body’s own defenses to destroy tumor cells

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28
Q

BMT

A

bone marrow transplantation

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29
Q

bone marrow biopsy

A

removal of bone marrow tissue for microscopic examination

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30
Q

brachy-

A

short (distance)

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31
Q

brachytherapy

A

use of radiation placed directly on or within the cancer

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32
Q

BRC

A

breakpoint cluster point

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33
Q

bx

A

biopsy

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34
Q

CA

A

cancer

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35
Q

CA (cancer)-125

A

protein marker for ovarian cancer detected in blood

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36
Q

cac/o

A

bad

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37
Q

cachexia

A

malnutrition marked by weakness & emaciation; usually associated with later stages of cancer

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38
Q

cancer

A

characterized by unrestrained & excessive growth of cells

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39
Q

carcin/o

A

cancer, cancerous

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40
Q

carcinogens

A

agents that cause cancer

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41
Q

carcinoma

A

cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin, 90% of all malignancies

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42
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

localized growth of cells

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43
Q

cauter/o

A

burn, heat

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44
Q

cauterization

A

burning a lesion to destroy tumor cells

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45
Q

CEA

A

carcinoembryonic antigen

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46
Q

CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) test

A

blood test for carcinoembryonic antigen (marker for GI cancer)

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47
Q

cellular oncogenes

A

pieces of DNA, activated by mutations or dislocation, that can cause a normal cell to become malignant

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48
Q

cGy

A

centigray (one hundredth of a gray or rod)

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49
Q

chem/o

A

chemical, drug

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50
Q

Chemo

A

chemotherapy

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51
Q

chemotherapy

A

treatment with drugs

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52
Q

combination chemotherapy

A

use of several chemotherapeutic agents together in treatment of tumors

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53
Q

core needle biopsy

A

obtaining a plug of tissue for microscopic examination

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54
Q

CR

A

complete response- disappearance of all tumor

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55
Q

cry/o

A

cold

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56
Q

cryosurgery

A

freezing a lesion to kill tumor cells

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57
Q

CSF

A

colony-stimulating factor

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58
Q

cyst/o

A

sac of fluid

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59
Q

cystic

A

tumors from large, open spaces filled with fluid; serous & mucinous tumors are examples

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60
Q

cystitis & proctitis

A

radiation effects on the urinary bladder & rectum

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61
Q

debulking procedure

A

may be used to remove as much of primary tumor as possibel

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62
Q

dedifferentiation

A

loss of differentiation of cells

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63
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

genetic material within the nucleus of a cell; controls cell division & protein synthesis

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64
Q

DES

A

diethylstilbestrol

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65
Q

differentiating agents

A

drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate, stop growing & dies

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66
Q

differrention

A

specialization of cells

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67
Q

diffuse

A

spreading evenly throughout the tisse

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68
Q

dysplastic

A

abnormal formation of cells

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69
Q

EGFR

A

epidermal growth factor receptor

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70
Q

electron beams

A

low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors

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71
Q

en bloc resection

A

removal of entire tumor & regional lymph nodes

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72
Q

encapsulated

A

surrounded by a capsule; benign tumors are usually encapsulated

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73
Q

epi-

A

upon

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74
Q

epidermoid

A

resembling epithelial cells

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75
Q

EPO

A

erythropoietin

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76
Q

ER

A

estrogen receptor

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77
Q

estrogen receptor assay

A

test for the presence of a hormone receptor on breast cancer cells

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78
Q

excisional biopsy

A

removal of tumor & a margin of normal tissue for diagnosis & possible cure for small tumors

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79
Q

exenteration

A

wide resection involving removal of tumor, its organ of origin & surrounding tissue in the body space

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80
Q

exfoliative cytology

A

cells are scraped off tissue & microscopically examined

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81
Q

external beam irradiation

A

applying radiation to a tumor from a source outside the body

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82
Q

fibr/o

A

fibers

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83
Q

fibrosis

A

radiation in lungs causes increase in connective tissue

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84
Q

fields

A

dimensions of body areas undergoing irradation

85
Q

FNA

A

fine needle aspiration

86
Q

follicul/o

A

small glandular sacs

87
Q

follicular

A

small, round, gland-type clusters

88
Q

fractionation

A

giving radiation in small, repeated doses

89
Q

fulguration

A

destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by a high-frequency current

90
Q

fung/i

A

fungus, mushroom

91
Q

fungating

A

mushroom pattern of growth; tumor cells pile on top of each other

92
Q

Ga

A

gallium

93
Q

genetic screening

A

testing family members to determine if they have inherited a cancer-causing gene

94
Q

GIST

A

gastrointestinal stromal tumor

95
Q

grading tumors

A

evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells

96
Q

gray (Gy)

A

unit of absorbed radiation dose

97
Q

gross description of tumors

A

visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye

98
Q

Gy

A

gray

99
Q

H & E

A

hematoxyilin & eosin

100
Q

HERZ-neu

A

growth factor gene highly activated in certain types of breast cancer

101
Q

HNPCC

A

hereditary non-polposis

102
Q

IGRT

A

intensity-modulated gated radiation therapy

103
Q

IHC

A

immunohistochemistry

104
Q

immunotherapy

A

cancer treatment using immune cells & antibodies to kill tumor cells

105
Q

IMRT

A

intensity-modulated radiation therapy

106
Q

incisional biopsy

A

cutting into a tumor & removing a piece to establish a diagnosis

107
Q

infiltrative

A

extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues

108
Q

inherited cancers

A

retinoblastoma & adenomatous polyposis coli syndrome are examples

109
Q

invasive

A

having the ability to enter & destroy surrounding tissue

110
Q

IORT

A

intraoperative radiation therapy

111
Q

irradiation

A

exposure to only form of radiant energy such as light, heat, or x-rays

112
Q

laparoscopy (peritoneoscopy)

A

visual examination of abdominal cavity

113
Q

linear accelerator

A

large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors

114
Q

malignant tumors

A

tumor having the characteristics of continuous growth, invasiveness & metastasis

115
Q

medull/o

A

soft, inner part

116
Q

medullary

A

tumors are large, soft & fleshy

117
Q

mesenchymal

A

embryonic connective tissue

118
Q

meta-

A

beyond, change

119
Q

metastasis

A

spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site

120
Q

Mets

A

metastasis

121
Q

microscopic description of tumors

A

appearance of tumors when viewed under a microscope

122
Q

mitosis

A

process of the replication of cells

123
Q

mixed-tissue tumors

A

tumors composed of different types of cells; differentiating into epithelial & connective tissue

124
Q

MoAb

A

monoclonal antibody

125
Q

modality

A

method of treatment, like surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation

126
Q

molecularly targeted therapy

A

anticancer drugs desif=gnes to block the function of growth factors, their receptors & signaling pathways in specific tumor cells

127
Q

morbidity

A

condition of being unwell; deficient in normal function

128
Q

mucos/o

A

mucous membrane

129
Q

mucinous

A

containing mucus

130
Q

mut/a

A

genetic change

131
Q

mutagen/o

A

causing genetic change

132
Q

mutation

A

change in DNA; may be spontaneous or caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses

133
Q

myelosuppression

A

bone marrow depression with leukopenia, anemia & thrombocytopenia

134
Q

nausea

A

chemotherapy may cause this sensation leading to vomit

135
Q

necr/o

A

death

136
Q

necrotic

A

containing dead tissue

137
Q

NED

A

no evidence of disease

138
Q

neo-

A

new

139
Q

neoadjuvant chemotherapy

A

use of drugs to reduce the size of a tumor before surgery, lessens the extent of surgery & improves outcome

140
Q

neoplasm

A

new growth, benign or malignant tumors

141
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

142
Q

neurofibromatosis

A

tumor of fibrous supportive nerve tissue, often benign but may become malignant

143
Q

NF

A

neurofibromatosis

144
Q

NHL

A

non-hodgkin lymphoma

145
Q

NSCLC

A

non-small cell lung cancer

146
Q

nucleotide

A

unit of DNA composed of a sugar, phosphate & a base

147
Q

onc/o

A

tumor

148
Q

oncogene

A

region of DNA in tumor cells or in viruses that cause cancer

149
Q

oral mucositis

A

inflammation & ulceration of lining cells in the mouth caused by radiation to the jaw

150
Q

osteoma

A

tumor of bone (benign)

151
Q

osteosarcoma

A

flesh (connective tissue) tumor of bone (malignant)

152
Q

palliative

A

relieving, but not curing symptoms

153
Q

Pap smear

A

papanicolaou smear

154
Q

papill/o

A

nipple-like

155
Q

papillary

A

small nipple-like projections

156
Q

PD

A

progressive disease-tumor increases in size

157
Q

photon therapy

A

radiation therapy using energy in the form of x-rays or gamma rays

158
Q

plas/o

A

formation

159
Q

ple/o

A

many, more

160
Q

pleomorphic

A

variety of cell types

161
Q

pneumonitis

A

radiation to the lungs causes inflammation of the lungs

162
Q

polypoid

A

growths are projections from a base; sessile & pedunculate tumors are examples

163
Q

polyp/o

A

polyp

164
Q

PR

A

partial response-tumor on half it’s original size

165
Q

Prot

A

protocol

166
Q

prot/o

A

first

167
Q

protocol

A

detailed plam for treatment of an illness

168
Q

proton therapy

A

use of protons produced by a cyclotron to deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point in the body

169
Q

PSA

A

prostate-specific antigen

170
Q

PSA (prostate-specific antigen) test

A

blood test for the presence of an antigen related to prostate cancer

171
Q

PSCT

A

peripheral stem cell transplantation

172
Q

PSRS

A

proton stereotactic radiosurgery

173
Q

radi/o

A

rays

174
Q

radiation

A

energy carries by a stream of particles

175
Q

radiocurable tumor

A

tumor that’s destroyed by radiation therapy

176
Q

radioresistant tumor

A

tumor that requires large doses of radiation to be destroyed

177
Q

radiosensitive tumor

A

tumor in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue

178
Q

radiosensitizers

A

drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays

179
Q

radiotherapy

A

treatment of tumors using does of radiation

180
Q

relapse

A

recurrence of tumor after treatment

181
Q

remission

A

partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease

182
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

cellular substance that represents a copy of DNA; directs formation of new proteins inside cells

183
Q

RT & XRT

A

radiation therapy

184
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh

185
Q

sarcoma

A

cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue, 5% of all malignancies

186
Q

scirrh/o

A

hard

187
Q

scirrhous

A

densely packed; containing fibrous tissue

188
Q

SD

A

stable disease-tumor doesn’t shrink or grow

189
Q

secondary tumors

A

new type of growths in separate sites from primary tumor

190
Q

serous

A

having the appearance of a thin, watery fluid

191
Q

sessile

A

fixed in one place; immobile

192
Q

simulation

A

study using CT scan or MRI to map treatment before RT is given

193
Q

solid tumor

A

tumor composed of a mass of cells

194
Q

staging tumors

A

system if evaluating the extent of spread of tumors

195
Q

stem cell transplant

A

an intravenous infusion of blood-forming cells

196
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A

delivery of dose of radiation under stereotactic guidance

197
Q

steroids

A

complex, naturally occurring chemicals derived from cholesterol

198
Q

surgical procedures to treat cancer

A

methods of removing cancerous tissue

199
Q

tele-

A

far

200
Q

TNM

A

tumor, nodes, metasases

201
Q

ulcerating

A

characterized by large, open, exposed surfaces

202
Q

VEGF

A

vascular endothelial growth factor

203
Q

verrucous

A

tumors resemble wart-like growths

204
Q

viral oncogenes

A

pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell & cause it to become malignant

205
Q

virus

A

infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell & using the host’s genetic material to copy itself

206
Q

xer/o

A

dry

207
Q

xerostomia

A

radiation of salivary glands causes dryness of the mouth

208
Q

adenoma

A

tumor of glandular tissue (benign)

medical terminolgy (22 decks)

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