Chapter 19

Question 1

exogenous infection

Answer 1

occurs if a pathogen breaches the host’s external defense and enters sterile tissue

Question 2

endogenous infection

Answer 2

occurs if a microbial member of the normal microbiota enter sterile tissue

Question 3

opportunist infection

Answer 3

occurs when commensals take advantage of a change in the body’s environment that favors the microbe

Question 4

bacteremia

Answer 4

transient presence of bacteria in blood

Question 5

septicemia (sepsis)

Answer 5

proliferation and spread of bacterial cells in blood

can be life-threatening

Question 6

systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

Answer 6

an overreaction of host immune system due to released bacterial toxins
not a direct result of pathogen infection

Question 7

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Answer 7

widespread clotting of the blood within small blood vessels - effect of bacterial toxins

Question 8

coagulase

Answer 8

virulence factor enzyme that forms fibrin clot to coat pathogen and protect it from host immune system
staphylococcus aureus

Question 9

streptokinase

Answer 9

virulence factor enzyme that dissolves fibrin clot and allows further tissue invasion
used therapeutically
streptococci and staphylococci

Question 10

hyaluronidase

Answer 10

virulence factor enzyme digests hyaluronic acid which acts as glue between epithelial cells - enhances penetration of pathogen
streptococci and staphylococci

Question 11

toxemia

Answer 11

presence of toxins in blood

Question 12

exotoxins

Answer 12

proteins produced during bacterial metabolism

Question 13

leukocidin

Answer 13

toxin that destroys phagocytes

Question 14

hemolysin

Answer 14

toxin that lyses red blood cells - provides pathogen with source of iron for growth

Question 15

endotoxin

Answer 15

found on the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria (LPS, lipid A)

Question 16

endemic disease

Answer 16

habitually present at a low level in a certain geographic area

Question 17

epidemic disease

Answer 17

occurs in a region in excess of what is normally found in that population

Question 18

outbreak

Answer 18

a contained epidemic (e.g. in one neighborhood or hospital)

Question 19

pandemic

Answer 19

a worldwide epidemic

Question 20

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)

Answer 20

occur as a result of receiving treatment for another condition

Question 21

nosocomial infections

Answer 21

HAIs associated with hospitals

Question 22

top 7 infectious agents involved in nosocomial infections

Answer 22

Coagulase-negative staphylococci 
Staphylococcus aureus 
Enterococcus species 
Candida species 
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
Klebsiella pneumoniae

Question 23

zoonoses

Answer 23

diseases transmitted from other vertebrate animals to humans

Question 24

anthrax toxin

Answer 24

from Bacillus anthracis - plasmid

causes anthrax

Question 25

botulism toxin

Answer 25

from Clostridium botulinum - prophage | causes botulism

Question 26

enterotoxin A

Answer 26

from Staphylococcus aureus - prophage | causes food poisoning

Question 27

pertussis toxin

Answer 27

from Bordetella pertussis - chromosomal | causes whooping cough (pertussis)