Chapter 24

Question 1

Salvarsan

Answer 1

discovered by Paul Ehrlich

effective against syphilis

Question 2

Prontosil

Answer 2

red dye; inhibits some gram-positive bacteria

saved the life of girl, Hildegard

Question 3

Alexander Fleming

Answer 3

discovered Penicillin from penicillium mold

Question 4

chemotherapeutic index

Answer 4

toxic dose / therapeutic dose

Question 5

toxic dose

Answer 5

concentration of drug that causes harm to host

Question 6

therapeutic dose

Answer 6

concentration of drug that eliminates pathogens in host

Question 7

sulfonamides

Answer 7

affect folic acid metabolism - necessary for DNA synthesis

competitive inhibitor of PABA, a component necessary for folic acid synthesis

Question 8

isoniazid

Answer 8

interferes with cell wall synthesis in mycobacterium (waxy cell wall)

Question 9

ciprofloxacin

Answer 9

blocks DNA synthesis by inhibiting DNA gyrase, an enzyme involved in the coiling of DNA
a fluoroquinolone

Question 10

penicillin

Answer 10

interferes with cell wall synthesis by imitating D-alanyl-Dalanine dipeptide in peptide bridge
inactivates transpeptidase

Question 11

transpeptidase

Answer 11

enzyme involved in the formation of peptide cross bridge

mistakenly binds to penicillin and is inactivated

Question 12

MRSA

Answer 12

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

Question 13

ampicillin

Answer 13

can pass through outer membrane of bacteria more easily than penicillin

Question 14

Augmentin

Answer 14

combination of penicillin and clavulanic acid

inhibits the action of penicillinase

Question 15

cephalosporin

Answer 15

broad-spectrum alternative to penicillin - beta-lactam ring is more protected, more resistant to enzymes such as beta-lactamase

Question 16

carbapenems

Answer 16

“last resort” drug
highly resistant to beta-lactamase
there has been an increase in resistance to this drug

Question 17

vancomycin

Answer 17

acts on peptidoglycan synthesis

only active against gram-positive bacteria due to large size - too large for passage trough gram-negative porins

Question 18

components of neosporin

Answer 18

bacitracin, polymyxin, neomycin

Question 19

bactiracin

Answer 19

interferes with transport of cell wall precursors through the membrane

Question 20

polymyxin

Answer 20

increases cell membrane permeability of gram-negative rods by forming pores in the membrane

Question 21

30S binding antibiotics

Answer 21

aminoglycosides

tetracyclines

Question 22

50S binding antibiotics

Answer 22

chloramphenicol
macrolides
lincosamides 
streptogramins
oxazolidinones

Question 23

aminoglycosides

Answer 23

cause misreading of mRNA by blocking translation

attach irreversibly to 30S - bactericidal

Question 24

streptomycin

Answer 24

an aminoglycoside
used for tuberculosis
stops cells from growing

Question 25

gentamicin

Answer 25

an aminoglycoside | used against gram-negative infections in urinary tract

Question 26

neomycin

Answer 26

an aminoglycoside | used in combination with polymyxin and bacitracin in neosporin

Question 27

tetracyclines

Answer 27

block attachment of tRNA to 30S subunit

Question 28

chloramphenicols

Answer 28

cause misreading of mRNA severe side effects - aplastic anemia reserved for serious infections or when other drugs don't work

Question 29

macrolides

Answer 29

prevent chain elongation

Question 30

erythromycin

Answer 30

a macrolide used for gram-positive infections, mycoplasma (walking) pneumonia, and patients allergic to penicillin very few side effects

Question 31

lincosamides

Answer 31

prevent chain elongation

Question 32

clindamycin

Answer 32

a lincosamide used against penicillin-resistant bacteria limit use - eliminated competition of C. diff., causing it to flourish

Question 33

streptogramins

Answer 33

cause premature chain termination

Question 34

oxazolidinones

Answer 34

interferes with chain initiation

Question 35

rifampin

Answer 35

interferes with RNA synthesis effective against TB, leprosy, meningitis can cause liver damage

Question 36

four mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

Answer 36

1. change in bacterial enzyme or evolve an alternate metabolic pathway 2. evolve a way to enzymatically inactivate antibiotic 3. evolve a way to prevent drug entry or pump the drug out 4. change in drug targets

Question 37

lysozymes

Answer 37

not an antibiotic - part of our immune system cleaves bonds between peptidoglycan sugars can work on non-growing bacteria (unlike penicillin)