Chapter 19

Question 1

Modernism

Answer 1

• Not a style in and of itself
• new must be as different as possible from the old.
• quest for novel approaches for artistic representation
• abandonment of conventional forms and tonality

Question 2

Avant-garde

Answer 2

• French for “Vanguard”
• refers to works that are experimental, that push the boundaries of the status quo
• a hallmark of modernism
• abandonment of form and tonality: expressionism, atonality, serialism

Question 3

Phonograph, recording, history of recording

Answer 3

• with phonograph music could be recorded and then played back at anytime without the presence of the performers
• music is more readily available to listeners
• music became an increasingly less social experience
• proponent of recorded music Glenn Gould
• Enrique Caruso became one of the first recording superstars

Question 4

Music and the State

Answer 4

• governments had recognized the ability of music to move the emotions of entire populations so a greater significance was placed on it
• Soviet Union and the scrutiny of absolute/ instrumental music
• Nazi Germany who suppressed Jazz and Jewish composers

Question 5

Music and Race

Answer 5

• ragtime, jazz, and rhythm and blues eventually transcended racial lines
• Benny Goodman and Duke Ellington

Question 6

Protest Music

Answer 6

• labor movements
• civil rights movement (James Brown, Bob Dylan)
• Vietnam protests

Question 7

The 20th Century

Answer 7

• Modernism (new music must be as different as possible from the old)
• avant-garde (French for “vanguard”; refers to works that are experimental, push the boundary of the status quo)
• abandonment of form and tonality
• rhythms became more complicated
• Jazz, Ragtime, rock
• use of period instruments and the want of historical authenticity
• repertories shrank
• textures ranged from extremely simple to complex
• rhythm manifested itself in a variety of possibility
• melody varied greatly according to genre, intended audience, and audience of work
• harmony was perceived in first two-thirds of 20th century as defining element of style
• form ranged from simple to complex
• instrumentation featured greater use and variety of percussion and electronically generated sounds