CHAPTER 19 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in CHAPTER 19 Deck (13)
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1
Q

Systematic biology

A

Uses traits to infer evolutionary relationships among organisms

2
Q

Taxonomy

A

The branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying organisms

Early taxonomists relied on physical characteristics to classify organisms

Today taxonomists classify organisms into natural groups based on their evolutionary history using DNA analysis

3
Q

Linnean taxonomy

A

Carolus Linnaeus developed binomial system to name species

Binomial nomenclature names organisms using a 2 part Latin name: Genus, Specific Epithet

4
Q

Seven categories of classification

A
Kingdom 
phylum 
class 
order 
family 
genus 
species
5
Q

The three domain system

A

Prokaryotic organisms are placed in the domain bacteria and in the domain Archaea

Eukaryotic organisms are placed in the domain Eukarya

6
Q

Domain bacteria

A

Prokaryotic unicellular organisms

Produce asexually

Cyanobacteria are large photosynthetic prokaryotes

Most bacteria are heterotrophic

Breaks down organic remains thereby keeping chemical cycling going

Some bacteria are parasitic and cause disease

7
Q

Domain Archaea

A

Prokaryotic unicellular organisms

Reproduce asexually

Live in extreme environments:
Methanogens (anaerobic swamps)
Halophiles (salt lakes)
Thermoacidophiles (hot acidic environments)

The cell wall is diverse but not the same as the bacterial cell wall.

8
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

Unicellular or multicellular organisms

always have a membrane-bound nucleus

Sexual reproduction is common

Protests, fungi, plants, and animals are eukaryotes

9
Q

Phylogeny

A

Classification reflects phylogeny

One goal of systematics is to create follow genetic trees showing the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

10
Q

Interpreting a Phylogeny

A

A phylogenetic tree indicates common ancestors in lines of descent or lineages

When a new character evolves a new evolutionary path diverges from the old and a new lineage is formed

Different lineages diverging from a common ancestor have ancestral traits

11
Q

Ancestral traits

A

Characteristics shared by the ancestor in the species in its lines of descent

12
Q

Derived trait

A

Present only in a specific line of descent

13
Q

Cladistics

A

A cladogram is a diagram showing relationships among species based on shared derived traits

A clade is an evolutionary branch that includes a common ancestor and all its descendent species