CHAPTER 21

Question 1

Six supergroups

Answer 1

Archaeplastids
Chromalveolates
Excavates
Amoebozoa
Rhizaria
Opisthokonts

Question 2

Protists

Answer 2

Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Unicellular
Photosynthetic/Heterotrophic

Question 3

Endocytosis

Answer 3

Ingest particulate food matter pulling them into food vacuoles lysosomes fuse and introduce enzymes

Question 4

Parasitic

Answer 4

Typically absorb body fluids of host

Question 5

Mixotrophic

Answer 5

Combine autotrophic and heterotrophic nutritional modes

Question 6

Lifecycles

Answer 6

Many protists survive unfavorable environments by forming cysts

Asexual reproduction most common

Some species have an unusual my mitosis

Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis
Allows frequent genetic recombination

Question 7

Mitosis

Answer 7

Parent cells split to form equal size daughter cells

Question 8

Schizogony

Answer 8

Cell division preceded by several nuclear divisions one parent cell produces several individuals

Question 9

Meiosis

Answer 9

Union of haploid gametes to form a diploid cell.

Question 10

Evolution and diversity of protist

Answer 10

Protist are not plants animals or fungi

They are not monophyletic

Question 11

Chromalveolata ( alveolates)

Answer 11

Alveolates have alveoli lying beneath their plasma membrane

includes diniflagellates ciliates and apicomplexans

Question 12

Dinoflagellates

Answer 12

Typically two flagella

Symbiotic zooxanthellae are found in corals

Karenia brevis causes red tide.
Some lack chloroplast and considered parasitic instead of mutualistic

Question 13

Ciliates

Answer 13

Pellicle- tough flexible outer covering

Have to types of nuclei
Micronucleus
Macronucleus

Have two types of vacuoles
Food vacuoles
contractile vacuoles

Question 14

Apicomplexans

Answer 14

Spore forming animal parasites

Apical complex a unique arrangement of organelles
Enables protist to invade its host cell

(Ex.) Malaria
Plasmodium
Hosts are anopheles(mosquito) and the human

Toxoplasma Gondii
Invades the epithelial cells of the human intestine
Causes Taxoplasmosis
Primary host is Falidae(cat)

Question 15

Escavata

Answer 15

Absent mitochondria and distinctive flagella

Includes euglenids,parabasalids, diplomonads, and kinetoplastids

Question 16

Euglenids

Answer 16

Small freshwater unicellular organisms
Two flagella and one eyespot with a photo receptor
One flagellum is much longer than the other
Sell bounded by flexible pellicle
Chloroplast surrounded by three rather than two membranes
Many are mixotrophs

Question 17

Parabasalids

Answer 17

Single nuclei
 flagellated 
Endosymbionts of animals
Able to survive in low oxygen environments
Lack mitochondria
Causes trichomonas vaginalis

Question 18

Diplomonads

Answer 18

Two nuclei
Two sets of flagella 
endosymbionts of animals
Lack mitochondria
Causes giardia ( Look at Giardia)

Question 19

Kinetoplastids

Answer 19

Predominately parasitic
Unique single mitochondria
Causes Chagas disease and African sleeping sickness( Look at cycles)

Question 20

Amoebozoa

Answer 20

Protozoans that move by pseudopods
Usually live in aquatic environments where they are often part of the plankton
Pseudopods form when cytoplasm streams forward in a particular direction
Uses Phagocytosis for food ingestion

Question 21

Entamoeba Histolytica

Answer 21

A parasite of the human: causes amoebic dysentery can be fatal

Question 22

Amoeba Proteus

Answer 22

The cytoplasm region is divided into two parts outer layer membrane ectoplasm and Inner watery mass endoplasm
Found in freshwater
Produce sexually
eat other protozoans

Question 23

Rhizarians

Answer 23

Radiolarians and for Foraminiferans
Outer skeleton called a test

Radiolarians:
Glassy skeleton made of silica
Needle like pseudopods
Float in marine habitat
Heterotrophic

Foraminifera:
Heterotrophic marine protist
Calcium carbonate test is often multi chambered

Question 24

Opisthokonts

Answer 24

Choanoflagellates- animal like protozoans that are near relatives of sponges
Unicellular
Asexual reproduction
Single flagellum surrounded by funnel shaped collar
Filter feeders
Phagocytosis is used