Chapter 19 - Important Slides

Question 1

What is cancer?

Answer 1

Unrestrained and excessive growth of cells.

Question 2

What is malignant tumors?

Answer 2

1. Compress, invade, and destroy surrounding tissues

2. They do not ‘eat away’ anything. They just invade!

Question 3

List the characteristics of malignant tumor (!!!)

Answer 3

1. Multiply rapidly
2. Invasive and infiltrative
3. Undifferentiated and anaplastic
4. Metastasize (spreads)

Question 4

List the characteristics of benign tumor (!!!)

Answer 4

1. Grow slowly
2. Encapsulated and noninvasive
3. Well-differentiated
4. Don’t spread, nonmetastatic

Question 5

What is neoplasms (tumor)? (!!!)

Answer 5

Growth that arise from normal tissue

Question 6

What is encapsulated tumor?

Answer 6

A tumor within a fibrous capsule that do not invade surrounding tissue

Question 7

What is differentiated tumor?

Answer 7

A tumor composed of cells that resemble the normal tissue from which they are derived (look like parent/original cells).

Question 8

Which cancers are the most common causes of cancer death for women?

Answer 8

Lung —>breast —>colorectal. In this order of commonality.

Question 9

Which cancers are the most common causes of cancer death for men?

Answer 9

Lung —> colorectal —> prostate. In that order of commonality.

Question 10

What are the 2 main functions of DNA?

Answer 10

1. Control the production of new cells (cell division), specifically mitosis. DNA copies itself and produces 2 identical daughter cells.
2. Control the production of protein synthesis.
   So, DNA—>RNA—>protein synthesis

Question 11

Define carcinogenesis

Answer 11

1. Transformation of a normal cell to a cancerous one

2. Environmental agents that can cause damage to DNA, which then will produce cancer.

Question 12

What are some of the ways carcinogenesis can cause damage to genetic material?

Answer 12

1. DNA Function
2. Mitosis
3. Protein synthesis
4. Nucleotides
5. Genes
6. Mutations

Question 13

What are the environmental agents that cause carcinogen? (!!!)

Answer 13

1. Chemical carcinogen
2. Radiation
3. Viruses

Question 14

What are some examples of chemical carcinogens? (!!!)

Answer 14

1. Hydrocarbons such as cigarette smoke, exhaust, or insecticides
2. Hormones, dye and industry chemicals

Question 15

What are some examples of radiation causing environmental carcinogens? (!!!)

Answer 15

Sunlight (UV rays), x-rays, and radioactive substances

Question 16

What are some examples of viruses causing environmental carcinogens? (!!!)

Answer 16

1. Human T cell leukemia virus (HTVL1)
2. Human papillomavirus (HPV)
3. Hepatitis B and C

Question 17

What are oncogenes? (!!!)

Answer 17

1. Pieces of normal DNA that cause normal cells to become malignant when activated by mutation.
2. Part of environmental agents causing carcinogenesis

Question 18

What are some examples of oncogenes? (!!!)

Answer 18

1. ras = colon cancer
2. myc = lymphoma
3. bcr-abl = Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) —> Philadelphia Chromosome = translocation of chromosome 9 and 22.

Question 19

What is the heredity factors in causing cancers/carcinogenesis? (!!!)

Answer 19

Inherited factors transmitted from parents to offspring through defects in DNA of the egg or sperm cells

Question 20

List the heredity factors that causes cancer/carcinogenesis

Answer 20

1. Retinoblastoma
2. Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Syndrome
3. Abnormalities in suppressor genes
4. Genetic Screening

Question 21

What is retinoblastoma?

Answer 21

1. Tumor of the retina (inherited cancer)

2. Childhood cancer arising from immature cells in the retina

Question 22

What is Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Syndrome?

Answer 22

An inherited cancer of polyps that grow in the colon and rectum

Question 23

What is suppressor genes?

Answer 23

1. In normal person = suppressor genes regulate growth, promote differentiation, and suppress oncogenes.
2. Abnormalities in suppressor genes = no regulation in cell division which leads to cancer.

Question 24

What is genetic screening?

Answer 24

Blood tests used to determine cancer-causing genes have been inherited

Question 25

What are examples of suppressor genes?

Answer 25

1. RB1 = retinoblastoma (Rb) type 1 gene | 2. TP53 = Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Question 26

What are the 3 major classifications of cancerous tumors?

Answer 26

1. Carcinomas 2. Sarcomas 3. Mix-tissue tumors

Question 27

What is carcinomas?

Answer 27

1. Solid hard tumors that are derived from epithelial tissue 2. 90% of all malignancies are carcinoma 3. Named by using term carcinoma and adding the type of tissue in which the tumor occurs.

Question 28

What is adenocarcinoma?

Answer 28

Cancerous tumor of glandular tissue

Question 29

What are the carcinomas derived from the epithelial cells of the lung?

Answer 29

1. Adenocarcinoma (bronchioloalveolar) 2. Small and large cell carcinoma 3. Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 30

What are the carcinomas derived from the epithelial cells of the reproductive organs?

Answer 30

1. Adenocarcinoma of the uterus 2. Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis 3. Choriocarcinoma of the uterus or testes 4. Cystadenocarcinoma of the ovaries 5. Seminoma and embryonal cell carcinoma (testes) 6. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina or cervix

Question 31

What are the carcinomas that derive from the epithelial of the skin?

Answer 31

1. Basal cell carcinoma from the basal cell layer 2. Malignant melanoma from the melanocytes 3. Squamous cell carcinoma from the squamous cell layer

Question 32

What are sarcomas? (!!!)

Answer 32

1) Derived from connective tissue in the body such as bone, fat muscle cartilage, bone marrow, and lymphatic system 2) 5% of all malignancies 3) Mesenchymal tissue used to describe embryonic connective tissue from which sarcomas are derived