Chapter 2

Question 1

Define Kinetic Energy

Answer 1

Energy in Action

Question 2

Define Potential Energy

Answer 2

Stored Energy that have potential to do work.

Question 3

Ionic Bond

Answer 3

chemical bond between atoms formed by transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other.

Question 4

Cation

Answer 4

the atom that loses electrons and is net positive charged.

Question 5

Anion

Answer 5

The atom that gains electrons and is net negative charged.

Question 6

Covalent Bond

Answer 6

shared electrons between molecules

Question 7

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 7

Only on hydrogen atoms, once they are covalently linked, they are attracted by another electron-hungry atom so that a “bridge” forms between them.

Question 8

Organic Compounds

Answer 8

Contains carbon. all organic compounds are covalently bonded molecules. (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide are excluded)

Question 9

Inorganic compounds

Answer 9

All other chemicals in the body

Question 10

How are Organic Compounds synthesized?

Answer 10

Through dehydration synthesis (removal of a water molecule)

Question 11

How are Organic compounds broken down?

Answer 11

Through hydrolysis reactions (adding a water molecule)

Question 12

Electrolytes

Answer 12

substances that conduct an electrical current in solution

Question 13

Acids

Answer 13

Sour taste, reacts with metals, releases hydrogen ions, proton donors.

Question 14

Base

Answer 14

Bitter taste, slippery feeling, takes up hydrogen ions, proton acceptor

Question 15

Hydroxyl Ions

Answer 15

OH- (base)

Question 16

pH Scale

Answer 16

a scale that shows how basic and acidic something is through the measure of hydrogen ions.

Question 17

Buffers

Answer 17

releases hydrogen ions when the pH beings to rise(basic), and by binding hydrogen ions when the pH drops(acidic)

Question 18

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Answer 18

H2CO3 <> HCO-3 + H+

Question 19

Carbonic

Answer 19

H2CO3

Question 20

Bicarbonate

Answer 20

HCO-3

Question 21

Monomers

Answer 21

building blocks of compounds

Question 22

Polymers

Answer 22

Chainlike molecules made of similar or repeating units, joined together by dehydration synthesis

Question 23

Carbohydrates:

Building blocks, structure, biological functions

Answer 23

Building Blocks: monosaccharides
Structure: C, H, and O (usually in the form of 1:2:1)
Biological function: Cellular fuel

Question 24

Monosaccharides

Answer 24

Simple sugars. Readily available fuel.
Pentose sugar(5 carbon): Ribose and Deoxyribose.
Hexose sugar(6 carbon): Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Question 25

Disaccharides

Answer 25

Double Sugars. Too large to pass cell membranes. Transport form of sugar. Sucrose, maltose, lactose.

Question 26

Polysaccharides

Answer 26

Polymers of monosaccharides. storage form of carbohydrates not very soluble Starch and glycogen

Question 27

Lipids | Building blocks, structure, types

Answer 27

Building Blocks: fatty acids and glycerol Structure: C,H, and O (mostly H and C) Hydrophobic (water fearing/insoluble in water) Main types = triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, Eicosanoids.

Question 28

Triglycerides

Answer 28

composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecule. (fats and oils) Functions: Energy storage, Insulation, Protection. Saturated fatty acids = single covalent bonds between carbon atoms (bad for you) Unsaturated fatty acids = one or more double bonds bettwen carbon atoms (good for you)

Question 29

Phospholipids

Answer 29

Modified triglycerides composed of 2 fatty acids and a phosphorus containing group bonded to glycerol molecule (phosphorus is the head, fatty acids are the tail) tail is hydrophobic, head is hydrophilic important in cell membrane structure.

Question 30

Steroids

Answer 30

4 interlocking hydrocarbon ring structure Cholesterol Source: Liver and diet Function: cell membranes, vitamin D synthesis, steroid hormones, and bile salts

Question 31

Eicosanoids

Answer 31

20 Carbon fatty acid found in cell membranes. Prostaglandins Role: blood clotting, blood pressure, regulation, inflammation, and labor contractions.

Question 32

Proteins | Building blocks, structure, biological functions

Answer 32

Building Blocks: Amino acids, Contains amine group and carboxyl group Structure: C, H, O, N (sometimes S and P) Covalent bonds called peptide bonds Function: Enzymes, Transport, Structural, Contractile

Question 33

Structural Levels of Proteins

Answer 33

Primary: linear amino acid sequence Secondary: alpha helices or beta pleated sheets Tertiary: superimposed folding of secondary structures.(globular molecule) Quaternary: 2 or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure, combine to form a functional protein.

Question 34

Denaturation

Answer 34

loss of 3D structure of protein | - Can be due to heat, acidity, etc.

Question 35

Enzymes

Answer 35

Globular proteins that act as a biological catalysts. | speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

Question 36

Substrate

Answer 36

the substance on which an enzyme acts

Question 37

Coenzyme

Answer 37

Organic molecule needed to assist the reaction.

Question 38

Active site

Answer 38

regions that fit and interact chemically with other molecules of complementary shape and charge (lock and key)

Question 39

Nucleic Acids | Building blocks, structure, Types

Answer 39

Building blocks: Nucleotide Structure: N-containing base, a pentose sugar, a phosphate group. Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Types: DNA and RNA

Question 40

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Answer 40

Double stranded (double helix) found in Nucleus. - 4 nitrogen bases(Adenine-Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine) - Pentose Sugar: Deoxyribose - Provides instructions for protein synthesis - Replicates to ensure genetic continuity

Question 41

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Answer 41

Single Stranded found in nucleus and cytoplasm. - 4 nitrogens bases (Adenine-Uracil, Guanine-Cytosine) - Pentose Sugar: Ribose - Directs protein synthesis in cytoplasm types: Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA.

Question 42

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 42

adenine containing RNA nucleotide with 2 additional phosphate groups. - immediate source of cenergy for the cell - ATP hydrolysis drive cellular work (transport across membrane, mechanical and chemical work)

Question 43

Phosphorylation

Answer 43

a chemical reaction in which a phosphate molecule is added to a molecule