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Biology 1220 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Kinetic Energy

A

Energy in Action

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2
Q

Define Potential Energy

A

Stored Energy that have potential to do work.

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3
Q

Ionic Bond

A

chemical bond between atoms formed by transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other.

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4
Q

Cation

A

the atom that loses electrons and is net positive charged.

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5
Q

Anion

A

The atom that gains electrons and is net negative charged.

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6
Q

Covalent Bond

A

shared electrons between molecules

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7
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Only on hydrogen atoms, once they are covalently linked, they are attracted by another electron-hungry atom so that a “bridge” forms between them.

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8
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Contains carbon. all organic compounds are covalently bonded molecules. (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide are excluded)

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9
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

All other chemicals in the body

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10
Q

How are Organic Compounds synthesized?

A

Through dehydration synthesis (removal of a water molecule)

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11
Q

How are Organic compounds broken down?

A

Through hydrolysis reactions (adding a water molecule)

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12
Q

Electrolytes

A

substances that conduct an electrical current in solution

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13
Q

Acids

A

Sour taste, reacts with metals, releases hydrogen ions, proton donors.

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14
Q

Base

A

Bitter taste, slippery feeling, takes up hydrogen ions, proton acceptor

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15
Q

Hydroxyl Ions

A

OH- (base)

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16
Q

pH Scale

A

a scale that shows how basic and acidic something is through the measure of hydrogen ions.

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17
Q

Buffers

A

releases hydrogen ions when the pH beings to rise(basic), and by binding hydrogen ions when the pH drops(acidic)

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18
Q

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

A

H2CO3 <> HCO-3 + H+

19
Q

Carbonic

A

H2CO3

20
Q

Bicarbonate

A

HCO-3

21
Q

Monomers

A

building blocks of compounds

22
Q

Polymers

A

Chainlike molecules made of similar or repeating units, joined together by dehydration synthesis

23
Q

Carbohydrates:

Building blocks, structure, biological functions

A

Building Blocks: monosaccharides
Structure: C, H, and O (usually in the form of 1:2:1)
Biological function: Cellular fuel

24
Q

Monosaccharides

A 
Simple sugars. Readily available fuel.
Pentose sugar(5 carbon): Ribose and Deoxyribose.
Hexose sugar(6 carbon): Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
25
Q

Disaccharides

A

Double Sugars. Too large to pass cell membranes.
Transport form of sugar.
Sucrose, maltose, lactose.

26
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers of monosaccharides.
storage form of carbohydrates
not very soluble
Starch and glycogen

27
Q

Lipids

Building blocks, structure, types

A

Building Blocks: fatty acids and glycerol
Structure: C,H, and O (mostly H and C)
Hydrophobic (water fearing/insoluble in water)
Main types = triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, Eicosanoids.

28
Q

Triglycerides

A

composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecule. (fats and oils)
Functions: Energy storage, Insulation, Protection.
Saturated fatty acids = single covalent bonds between carbon atoms (bad for you)
Unsaturated fatty acids = one or more double bonds bettwen carbon atoms (good for you)

29
Q

Phospholipids

A

Modified triglycerides
composed of 2 fatty acids and a phosphorus containing group bonded to glycerol molecule
(phosphorus is the head, fatty acids are the tail)
tail is hydrophobic, head is hydrophilic
important in cell membrane structure.

30
Q

Steroids

A

4 interlocking hydrocarbon ring structure
Cholesterol
Source: Liver and diet
Function: cell membranes, vitamin D synthesis, steroid hormones, and bile salts

31
Q

Eicosanoids

A

20 Carbon fatty acid found in cell membranes.
Prostaglandins
Role: blood clotting, blood pressure, regulation, inflammation, and labor contractions.

32
Q

Proteins

Building blocks, structure, biological functions

A

Building Blocks: Amino acids,
Contains amine group and carboxyl group
Structure: C, H, O, N (sometimes S and P)
Covalent bonds called peptide bonds
Function: Enzymes, Transport, Structural, Contractile

33
Q

Structural Levels of Proteins

A

Primary: linear amino acid sequence
Secondary: alpha helices or beta pleated sheets
Tertiary: superimposed folding of secondary structures.(globular molecule)
Quaternary: 2 or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure, combine to form a functional protein.

34
Q

Denaturation

A

loss of 3D structure of protein

- Can be due to heat, acidity, etc.

35
Q

Enzymes

A

Globular proteins that act as a biological catalysts.

speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

36
Q

Substrate

A

the substance on which an enzyme acts

37
Q

Coenzyme

A

Organic molecule needed to assist the reaction.

38
Q

Active site

A

regions that fit and interact chemically with other molecules of complementary shape and charge (lock and key)

39
Q

Nucleic Acids

Building blocks, structure, Types

A

Building blocks: Nucleotide
Structure: N-containing base, a pentose sugar, a phosphate group. Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Types: DNA and RNA

40
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

Double stranded (double helix) found in Nucleus.

  • 4 nitrogen bases(Adenine-Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine)
  • Pentose Sugar: Deoxyribose
  • Provides instructions for protein synthesis
  • Replicates to ensure genetic continuity
41
Q

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

A

Single Stranded found in nucleus and cytoplasm.

  • 4 nitrogens bases (Adenine-Uracil, Guanine-Cytosine)
  • Pentose Sugar: Ribose
  • Directs protein synthesis in cytoplasm
    types: Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA.
42
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

adenine containing RNA nucleotide with 2 additional phosphate groups.

  • immediate source of cenergy for the cell
  • ATP hydrolysis drive cellular work (transport across membrane, mechanical and chemical work)
43
Q

Phosphorylation

A

a chemical reaction in which a phosphate molecule is added to a molecule

Biology 1220 (4 decks)

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