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Biology 1220 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Plasma Membrane

A

Outer boundary of the cell. Separates the intracellular fluid within cells and the extracellular fluid outside cells.

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2
Q

Define Lipid Bilayer

A

forms the basic fabric of the membrane. constructed largely of phospholipids, with smaller amounts of glycolipids, cholesterol, and areas called lipid rafts.

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3
Q

Define Phospholipids

A

in the plasma membrane, its a phospholipid bilayer because there are 2 layers of phospholipids. the hydrophilic (water loving) are facing the intracellular and extracellular fluids, while the hydrophobic (water fearing) are faced together.

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4
Q

Define Cholesterol

A

Has polar and non-polar regions. It wedges its hydrocarbon rings between phospholipid tails, stabilizing the membrane and decreasing the mobility of the phospholipids.

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5
Q

Define Intracellular Fluid

A

Fluid within the cell.

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6
Q

Define Extracellular Fluid

A

Fluid outside of the cell.

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7
Q

Fluid Mosaic model

A

a model that depicts the plasma membrane as a structure composed of lipid bilayers with protein molecules dispersed in it.

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8
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Scared of water.

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9
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Love of water.

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10
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Firmly inserted proteins in the lipid bilayer. Some protude only from one membrane, while others are transmembrane proteins that span both sides of the membrane.

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11
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Proteins that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer. loosely attached to integral proteins. Includes a network of filaments that helps support the membrane from its cytoplasmic side.

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12
Q

Glycolipids

A

lipids with attached sugar groups. Found only on the outer plasma membrane.

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13
Q

Glycoproteins

A

a protein that has an attached sugar group. Found only on the outer plasma membrane.

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14
Q

Tight Junctions

A

series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells that fuse together, forming an impermeable junction that encircles the cell.

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15
Q

Desmosomes

A

anchoring junction binds adjacent cells together like a molecular “velcro” and help form an internal tension-reducing network of fibers.

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16
Q

Gap Junctions

A

A communicating junction between adjacent cells. Allows ions and small molecules to pass for intercellular communication through hollow cylinders called connexons.

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17
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

An extracellular fluid that our cells bathe in.

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18
Q

Selectively permeable

A

a membrane that allows certain substances to pass while restricting the movement of others; also called differentially permeable membrane.

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19
Q

Diffusion (passive transport)

A

tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area of high concentration to low concentration (concentration gradient)

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20
Q

Simple diffusion (passive transport)

A

nonpolar and lipid soluble substances diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer.

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21
Q

Facilitated diffusion (passive transport)

A

molecules and ions are transported passively through the lipid bilayer. The transported substance either, binds to protein carriers in the membrane and is carried across, or they move through water filled protein channels.

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22
Q

Osmosis

A

the diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane.

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23
Q

Aquaporins

A

transmembrane proteins which allow single-file diffusion of water molecules.

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24
Q

Osmolarity

A

The total concentration of all solute particles in a solution.

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25
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of a solution to change the shape or ton of cells by altering the cells’ internal water volume

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26
Q

Hypertonic

A

solutions that have a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than seen in the cell. Cells immersed in hypertonic solutions lose water and shrink, or CRENATE.

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27
Q

Hypotonic

A

More dilute than cells. Cells placed in a hypotonic solution plump up rapidly as water rushes into them.

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28
Q

Isotonic

A

solutions that have the same concentrations of non-penetrating solutes as those found in the cell. They retain their normal shape, and exhibit no net loss or gain of water.

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29
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

with energy, carrier proteins can transport substances against a concentration gradient. Energy comes directly from hydrolysis of ATP.

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30
Q

Secondary Active transport

A

does not use ATP directly but takes advantage of a previously existing concentration gradient. smaller ions would follow a long the gradient.

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31
Q

NA+ K+ pump

A

because the cells of the body have higher concentration of K+, and outside of the cell has a higher concentration of Na+, they both tend to leak slowly through leakage channels in the plasma membrane along their concentration gradient. The pump simultaneously drives Na+ out of the cell against a steep concentration gradient and pump K+ back in.

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32
Q

Vesicular transport

A

fluids containing large particles and macromolecules are transported across cellular membranes inside membranous sac called vesicles.

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33
Q

Exocytosis

A

moving substances out of the cell.

34
Q

Endocytosis

A

Moves substances into the cell.

35
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The cell engulfs some relatively large or solid material.

36
Q

Pinocytosis

A

A protein coated pit surrounds a very small volume of extracellular fluid containing dissolved molecules. This droplet enters the cell and fuses with an endosome.

37
Q

Membrane Potential

A

Electrical potential energy resulting from the separation of oppositely charged particles.

38
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

All body plasma membranes exhibit a typical range from -50 to -100 millivolts in their resting state.

39
Q

Membrane Receptors

A

A huge and diverse group of integral proteins and glycoproteins that serve as binding sites.

40
Q

Ligand

A

Chemicals that bind specifically to plasma membrane receptors.

41
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Nervous system signals. Released from neurons.

42
Q

Hormones

A

Endocrine system signals. Released from glands and released into the blood.

43
Q

Paracrines

A

Chemicals that act locally and are rapidly destroyed.

44
Q

G Proteins

A

a regulatory molecule that acts as a middleman or relay to activate a membrane bound enzyme or ion channel.

45
Q

Second messenger

A

connect plasma membrane events to the internal metabolic machinery of the cell.

46
Q

Cyclic AMP

A

activate protein kinase enzymes, which transfer phosphate groups from ATP to other proteins.

47
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Site of most cellular activities.

48
Q

Cytosol

A

the viscous, semitransparent fluid in which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended.

49
Q

Nucleus

A

The control center. Can be compared to a computer, design department, construction boss, and board of directors, all rolled into one.

50
Q

Nucleolus

A

The dark-staining spherical bodies found within the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are assembled.

51
Q

Chromatin

A

appears as a fine, unevenly stained network, but special techniques reveal it as a system of bumpy threads weaving through the nucleoplasm

52
Q

Mitochondria

A

Threadlike membranous organelles. They are the power plants of a cell, providing most of its ATP supply. Has 2 membranes, the outer (smooth and featureless) and inner (folds inwards).

53
Q

Ribosomes

A

small, dark-staining granules composed of proteins and a variety of RNAs called Ribosomal RNA. Sites of protein synthesis.

54
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

an extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing fluid-filled cavities, or cisterns. Surface is studded with ribosomes. Proteins assembled on these ribosomes thread their way into the fluid interior of the ER cisterns.

55
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

Continuous with the rough Er and consists of tubules arranged in a looping network. The enzymes catalyze reaction but play no role in protein synthesis.

56
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Stacked and flattened membranous sacs, shaped like hollow dinner plates, associated with swarms of time membranous vesicles. The principal “traffic director” for cellular proteins. Modify, concentrate, and package the proteins and lipids made at the rough ER and destined for export.

57
Q

Lysosomes

A

Spherical membranous organelles containing activated digestive enzymes. Work best in acidic conditions and so are called acid hydrolases.

58
Q

Peroxisomes

A

spherical membranous sacs containing a variety of powerful enzymes, the most important of which are oxidases and catalases.

59
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

an elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol and hundreds of accessory proteins that link these rods to other cell structures.

60
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow tubes made of spherical protein subunits called tubulins. Determines the overall shape as well as the distribution of cellular organelles.

61
Q

Microfilaments

A

the thinnest element of the cytoskeleton. Semiflexible strands of the protein actin.

62
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

tough insoluble protein fibers that resemble woven ropes. Most stable and permanent of the cytoskeletal elements and have high tensile strength.

63
Q

Centrioles

A

Small barrel-shaped organelles oriented at right angles to each other.

64
Q

Cilia

A

Motile cellular extensions that are exposed on surfaces of certain cells. Ciliary action moves substances in one direction across cell surface.

65
Q

Flagella

A

Projections formed by centrioles, but are longer than cilia. Only flagellated cell in the human body is a sperm.

66
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger link extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an expose cell surface. Increase the plasma surface area tremendously and are most often found on the surface of absorptive cells such as intestinal and kidney tubule cells.

67
Q

G1 Phase

A

metabolically active, synthesizing proteins rapidly and growing vigorously. Virtually no activities related to cell division occur. However, as it ends, the centrioles start to replicate in prep for cell division.

68
Q

G2 Phase

A

final stage of interphase. Enzymes and other proteins needed for division are synthesized and move to their proper sites. Centriole replication is complete by the end. Cell ready to divide. Cell continues to grow.

69
Q

G0 Phase

A

Cells that permanently cease to divide

70
Q

S phase

A

DNA is replicated, ensuring that the two future cells being created will receive identical copies of the genetic material. Without a proper S phase, there can be no correct mitotic phase.

71
Q

Interphase

A

The period from cell formation to cell division

72
Q

Mitosis

A

The series of events that parcels out the replicated DNA of the mother cell to two daughter cell. Described in 4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

73
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin turns to chromosomes. Nucleoli disappear.

74
Q

Metaphase

A

Two centrosomes are at opposite poles. Chromosomes cluster in the midline.

75
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split. The chromosomes move toward the centrosomes.

76
Q

Telophase

A

The chromosomes uncoil and turn back to chromatin. New nuclear envelop forms around the chromatins. Nucleoli forms again.

77
Q

Cytokinesis

A

A contractile ring of actin microfilaments from the cleavage furrow and pinches the cells apart.

78
Q

Cell differentiation

A

The development of specific and distinctive features in cells.

79
Q

Apaptosis

A

More cells than needed are produced and excesses are eliminated.

80
Q

6 functions of Proteins

A

1) Transport
2) Receptors for signal transduction
3) Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix.
4) Enzymatic activity
5) intercellular joining
6) cell-cell recognition.

Biology 1220 (4 decks)

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