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Chem 101 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

law of constant composition

A

compounds have definite composition; # of atoms in compound = always the same

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2
Q

law of conservation of mass

A

total mass of substances present at end of chemical process=same as mass of substances before

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3
Q

law of multiple proportions

A

if 2 elements combine to form a compound, the masses combined = ratio

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4
Q

dalton’s atomic theory (5 parts)

A
  1. matter = made of atoms
  2. atoms of 1 element = identical
  3. atoms of diff element= diff weights/properties
  4. atoms of diff elements combine to form compounds
  5. atoms aren’t created or destroyed
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5
Q

cathode rayes

A

(-) particle stream travels through (+) electrode; study electrons

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6
Q

Millikan oil-drop experiment

A

determined charge of electron = (-)

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7
Q

radioactivity

A

spontaneous emission of high-energy radiation

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8
Q

3 types of radiation

A

alpha, beta, gamma

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9
Q

alpha radiation

A

(+) charge; decay emission = 2 p + 2 n

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10
Q

beta radiation

A

(-) charge; decay emission = 1 e

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11
Q

gamma radiation

A

no charge; decay emission = gamma ray

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12
Q

“plum pudding model”

A

even spread of + charges through atom; radiation passes through center, rejected

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13
Q

nuclear atom (Rutherford, gold foil experiment)

A

most mass and (+) - dense nucleus; (-) moves in space around

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14
Q

subatomic particles

A

protons, neutrons, electrons; opposite charged attract, same repel

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15
Q

protons

A

1+

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16
Q

neutrons

A

neutral

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17
Q

electrons

A

1-

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18
Q

1 amu

A

1.66054 x 10^-24 g

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19
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons (=number of electrons)

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20
Q

mass number

A

protons + # neutrons

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21
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of same element
- (same atomic number- # proton = # electrons)
different masses (# of neutrons)

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22
Q

atomic weight

A

average atomic mass of element (using isotopes)
(isotope mass)x(fractional abundance)= atomic weight

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23
Q

mass spectrometer

A

determines atomic weights w/ accelerator

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24
Q

of protons =

A

of electrons

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25
Q

mass #

A

protons + neutrons

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26
Q

Alkali metals

A

1A: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

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27
Q

alkaline earth metals

A

2A: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

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28
Q

Chalcogens

A

6A: O, S, Se, Te, Po

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29
Q

Halogens

A

7A: F, Cl, Br, I, At

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30
Q

noble gases

A

8A: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

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31
Q

metals

A

left side of table (from step line); shiny, conduct heat, solid (except mercury)

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32
Q

nonmetals

A

right of table (step line) + hydrogen

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33
Q

metalloids

A

elements that touch step line; properties of metals and nonmetals

34
Q

diatomic molecule

A

molecule w/ 2 atoms

35
Q

molecular compound

A

compound of molecules w/ 2+ atoms; always nonmetals

36
Q

molecular formula

A

chemical formula w/ exact # of atoms in molecule (ex: H2O2)

37
Q

empirical formula

A

simplest ratio

38
Q

ion

A

charged particle; when atom loses/gains electrons

39
Q

cation

A

(+), when electron is lost; metals

40
Q

anion

A

(-), when electron is gained; nonmetals

41
Q

cations: H+

A

hydrogen ion

42
Q

cations: Na+

A

sodium ion

43
Q

cations: K+

A

potassium ion

44
Q

cations: Ag+

A

silver ion

45
Q

cations: NH4+

A

ammonium ion

46
Q

cations: Mg^2+

A

magnesium ion

47
Q

cations: Ca^2+

A

calcium ion

48
Q

cations: Zn^2+

A

zinc ion

49
Q

cations: Cu^2+

A

copper(II)

50
Q

cations: Fe^2+

A

iron(II)

51
Q

cations: Pb^2+

A

lead(II)

52
Q

cations: Al^3+

A

aluminum ion

53
Q

cations: Fe^3+

A

iron(III)

54
Q

polyatomic ion

A

group of atoms gain/lose electrons

55
Q

ionic compounds

A

formed b/w metal and nonmetal (cation and anion)

56
Q

metals are…

A

cations

57
Q

nonmetals are…

A

anions

58
Q

organic compound

A

contain carbon and hydrogen

59
Q

acids: -ate –>

A

-ic acid

60
Q

acids: -ite –>

A

-ous acid

61
Q

acids: -ide –>

A

hydro- __ -ic acid

ex: chloride –> hydrochloric acid

62
Q

binary molecules

A

2-element molecular compounds (nonmetal + nonmetal)

63
Q

mono-

A

1

64
Q

di-

A

2

65
Q

tri-

A

3

66
Q

tetra-

A

4

67
Q

penta-

A

5

68
Q

hexa-

A

6

69
Q

hepta-

A

7

70
Q

octa-

A

8

71
Q

nona-

A

9

72
Q

deca-

A

10

73
Q

hydrocarbons

A

compounds w/ only carbon + hydrogen

74
Q

alkanes

A

simplest class of hydrocarbons; each carbon = bonded to 4 other atoms
- name ends in -ane
- ex: CH4 = methane

75
Q

isomers

A

molecules w/ same chemical formula, but diff structure

76
Q

naming: polyatomic cation

A

add -ium ion

77
Q

naming: anions

A

add -ide

78
Q

naming: polyatomic anion

A

add -ide, -ate, -ite

79
Q

oxyanions

A

anions w/ oxygen

80
Q

naming: fewer oxygens

A

ends in -ite

Chem 101 (11 decks)

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