chapter 2

Question 1

biochemistry

Answer 1

is the study of the bio composition and chemicals of living matter

Question 2

inorganic compounds

Answer 2

LACK CARBON, and are structurally simple. exception is CO2

Question 3

organic compounds

Answer 3

always CONTAIN CARBON, and usually hydrogen and are formed by covalent bonds.

Question 4

covalent bonds

Answer 4

are formed by 2 or more atoms that are sharing electrons

Question 5

inorganic compounds- WATER

Answer 5

most abundant and important inorganic compounds in all living organisms
has many properties such as:
- high heat capacity
- high heat of vaporization
- polar solevent
- formed during dehydration synthesis reactions and required in hydrolysis reactions
- cushioning and lubricating effect

Question 6

high heat capacity

Answer 6

water can gain or lose heat very slowly. water molecules have hydrogen bonds that when water absorbs heat from the sun it is trying to break the hydrogen bonds rather than trying to break the molecules around it

Question 7

high heat of vaporization

Answer 7

amount of heat that is required to change a liquid to gas

Question 8

polar solvent

Answer 8

water is a universal solvent. solvent dissolves other things.

Question 9

dehydration synthesis

Answer 9

is you are trying to put two things together and are trying to bond them to create something larger

Question 10

inorganic compounds - SALTS, ACIDS, BASES

Answer 10

all dissociate (break apart) when dissolved in water, giving rise to oppositely charged ions called electrolytes

Question 11

salts

Answer 11

dissociate into positive and negative ions (neither of which is H+ or OH-)

Question 12

bases

Answer 12

dissociate into 1 or more hydroxyl ions and 1 or more positive ions.

Question 13

ph scale

Answer 13

measures intensity of acids and bases
has values from 0-14
is based on the relative concentration of H+ in a solution

Question 14

buffer systems

Answer 14

minimize changes in the pH of solutions by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases

Question 15

organic compounds

Answer 15

comprise 38-40% of total body mass
contai C, H O, N S etc

Question 16

how are organic compounds built?

Answer 16

by joining monomers together into polymers

Question 17

hydrolysis

Answer 17

monomers are release by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other

Question 18

organic compounds- CARBOHYDRATES

Answer 18

structural components in molecules can be used as “fuel”
includes sugars, glycogen, starches, and cellulose
are main source of chemical energy for metabolism
classified by the # of sugar units

Question 19

monosaccharides

Answer 19

simplest, with the general formula CH2O eg glucose

Question 20

disaccharides

Answer 20

formed by a dehydration synthesis to going 2 monosaccs

Question 21

polysaccharides

Answer 21

large chain of many monosaccs joined together eg. glycogen.

Question 22

organic compounds- LIPIDS

Answer 22

are composed of C, H ,O
are non polar compounds thus not soluble in water
includes: triglycerides, phopholiplipids , steroids

Question 23

hydrophobic

Answer 23

water fearing, will not interact with water or other water molecules

Question 24

triglycerides

Answer 24

composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
important for storage of energy, insulation and shock absorption

Question 25

phospholipids

Answer 25

composed of glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group main component of membranes

Question 26

hydrophilic

Answer 26

water loving

Question 27

steroids

Answer 27

consist of 4 interlocking carbon rings with various side groups includes cholesterol and steroid hormones composed of C, H, O and N polymers built from 20 different amino acids

Question 28

amino acids

Answer 28

are joined by peptide bonds formed by dehydration synthesis

Question 29

protein structure

Answer 29

4 structural levels of proteins primary secondary tertiary quaternary

Question 30

structural (fibrous)

Answer 30

stable and insoluble in water provide mechanical support and give strength

Question 31

functional (globular)

Answer 31

less stable, H- bonds break easily are water soluble protein can denature and cease to function if their environment changes proteins have many important function including they role as enzymes

Question 32

denature

Answer 32

proteins start to break down

Question 33

enzymes

Answer 33

help with metabolic reactions

Question 34

enzyme activity

Answer 34

are biological catalysts which increases the rate of a specific chemical reaction enzymes react with a specific substrate and increase the rate at which product is formed enzymes act to decrease the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction to proceed have "ase" as suffix

Question 35

catalyst

Answer 35

is some substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. it does not get used up or altered in the process. its is RESUABLE

Question 36

organic compounds- NUCLEIC ACIDS

Answer 36

really large molecules composed of C,H,O,N,P are chains of nucleotides

Question 37

nucleotide

Answer 37

phosphate group + 5C sugar (pentose) + nitrogenous base

Question 38

what are the two kinds of nucleic acids?

Answer 38

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 39

deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA

Answer 39

double strandred polymer, twisted into a double helix sugar is deoxyribose N-bases are A,T,C,G H bonds join N-bases

Question 40

ribonucleic acid- RNA

Answer 40

single nucleotide chain sugar is ribose N-bases are A, U C, G RNA: rRNA, mRNA, tRNA

Question 41

organic compounds- ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE- ATP

Answer 41

is a molecule that cells use to perform various types of work consists of N-base adenine, 5 carbon sugar (ribose) and 3 phosphate groups atop can be broken down to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), releasing energy to be used for cellar work ATP can be synthesized from ADP + P, which required energy input provided by glucose breakdown