chapter 3 cells Flashcards

(55 cards)

1
Q

cells

A

are the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
vary in size, shape and function

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2
Q

what are the 3 main parts of the cells?

A

plasma (cell) membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

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3
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms the boundaries of the cell –> operates the intracellular from extracellular fluid
structure is described by “fluid mosaic model”. it consist of a bilayer of fluid lipids (98%) within which are a verity of protein (2%)
lipid component of membrane is 75% phopholipids, 20% chlosterla and 5% glycolipids
phospholipids molecules are arranged in 2 layer
function as selectively permeable barrier that regulates the flow of materials into and out of the cells

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4
Q

phospholipids

A

molecules that have polar heads (hydrophilic) and non polar tails (hydrophobic)
phospholipids molecules are organized with their heads facing both sides of the membrane and their tails pointing towards each other

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5
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

refers to its made up of different things

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6
Q

glycolipids

A

phospholipid with a sugar group attached to it

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7
Q

selectively permeable

A

only some things can pass through it

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8
Q

what are the two types of membrane proteins?

A

intergral transmembrane proteins and peripheral membrane proteins

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9
Q

intergral transmembrane proteins

A

extend through the phospholipid bilayer. in contact with the outside and the inside of the membrane

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10
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

A

are associated loosely with only one side of the membrane. don’t go all the way through they are in contact with EITHER the outside OR the inside

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11
Q

what are the membrane protein functions?

A

transporter = as channels or carriers
receptor for chemical messenger (bind to something and can active or reactive the cell in some way)
enzyme that catalyze recation
marker in cell recognition
anchors to cells cytoskeleton

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12
Q

membrane permeability

A

a membrane is permeable to substance that can pass through impermeable to substance that can’t
cell membranes are selectively permeable
- allow some things to pass more easily than others
usually permeable to bipolar, uncharged and small molecules
usually impermeable to ions, charged or polar molecules exception: water

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13
Q

membrane transport

A

getting things across the membrane
they are a variety of mechanics for transport of substance across membranes.
in passive processes, substances move down their concentration gradients (from high to low) with no energy required from the cell

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14
Q

active process

A

energy is required to move substances against their concentration gradients from low to high or for substances otherwise unable to pass

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15
Q

pass transport- diffusion

A

net movement of molecules from an area of high to an area of low until equilibrium is reached

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16
Q

how is rate affected?

A

temperature
particle size- (smaller particles move faster, larger particles move slower)
[] gradient- the bigger the difference between the two areas the faster the reaction
surface area- smaller are going to decrease (more traffic). larger are is going to increase because you go faster.
distance - shorter distance the rate will be faster

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17
Q

what are the two types of diffusion?

A

simple
faciliated

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18
Q

simple diffusion

A

non polar and lipid soluble substances diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer eg. CO2, O2, fat soluble vitamins (A D E K)

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19
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

polar and charged molecules require transmembrane proteins as carriers or use ion channels to move through the lipid bilayer. eg. glucose, amino acids, ions

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20
Q

passive transport

A

energy is not required

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21
Q

passive transport- OSMOSIS

A

net movement of water from an area of high [water] to an area of low [water] though a semipermeable membrane, until equilibrium is reached.
similar to diffusion but this is strictly for water. during osmosis water can pass through the membrane, polar molecule bc the electrons are shared unequally. can go through the phospholipid gaps. the other way it can get through is through aquaporins dedicated protein channels to allow only water to pass through

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22
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the ability of a solution to attract or draw in water
the greater the # of solute particles in a solution, the greater the osmotic pressure.
more dissolved particles (solute) in a solution, the less space for water
the greater the tendency to draw in water

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23
Q

active transport

A

substances cross the membrane by moving against their concentration gradient and energy is required

24
Q

primary active transport

A

energy from ATP hydrolysis (break ATP, breaking off the last phosphate of and release all of the energy to form ADP + a free floating phosphate) changes the shape of a transporter protein and it “pumps” a substance across the membrane
eg. Na+\K+ pumps transport Na+ out of the cell and K+ in.
40% of the ATP the cell uses is for primary active transport

25
secondary active transport
coupled transport pf 2 molecules using energy supplied by an ion gradient, rmaintained by a primary active transport pump eg. Na+ is co-transported with glucose its indirectly using energy from ATP. Na ions that were being pumped out by the sodium potassium pump creates a build up of sodium on the outside which then wants to float back in. the secondary active transporter goes "oh there is already a build up of sodium that is naturally gonna flow down its concentration gradient ill just piggy back something along with the sodium and bring it into the cell at the same time". it is capitilizing on the result of the primary active transporter. energy stored in a Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances into the cell
26
antiporter
opposite directions
27
symporter
same direction
28
vesicle transport
used for large particles, macromolecules and fluids. vesicle is a bubble of membrane within that bubble is something like hormones, neurotransmitters or waste, etc exocytosis endocytosis
29
exocytosis
moves a packed vesicle out of the cell by fusing with the cell membrane and releasing its contents.
30
endocytosis
moves materials into the cell by forming a vesicle an example of this is phagocytosis (cell eating)
31
cytoplasm
cellular material between the palms membrane and the nuclear
32
what are the two major elements of cytoplasm?
-cytosol -organelles
33
cytosol
fluid surround the organelles is 75-90% water with dissolved and suspended components is the site of many chemical reactions required for a cells existence
34
organelles
specialized strictures that have specific functions necessary for the life of the cell ("organ of the cell") most organelles are membrane-bound
35
what's the point of having membrane bound organelles?
used to keep them separate so they can perform their functions without being affected in the cytoplasm. cytoskeleton, ribosomes are organelles with membranes
36
name 6 organelles
mitochondria ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi complex lysosomes cytoskeleton
37
mitochondria
3/4 of cellular respiration takes place here oval, elongated organelle has an outer membrane and an inner folded membrane (cristae- electron transport chain takes place here) inner fluid is called the matrix function- produces most of the cells ATP mitochondria has its own DNA called mitochrian DNA, taken from your mother.
38
ribosomes
tiny organelles composed of rRNA and protein (not membrane bound) consists of 2 subunits (created in the nucleolus) can be "free" ribosomes in cytoplasm or can be attached to the (rough) ER function: involved in protein synthesis, its the main machinery that helps to build proteins
39
endoplasmic reticulum
network of membrane-enclosed channels (cisternae) continuous with the nuclear membrane two types; rough ER smooth ER
40
Rough ER
has ribosomes attached to the external surface function: protein synthesis and transport of proteins for export
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smooth ER
continuation of RER but lack ribosomes function: site of lipid and steroid synthesis and detoxifies drugs
42
Golgi complex
series of flattened sacs with bulging ends function; to modify, sort and package proteins for various destination in cells One side (cis or entry face) receives transport vesicles from the ER Contents are modified as they travel from cis face to trans face (exit side) of Golgi. Contents are packaged into vesicles at trans Golgi There are 3 zones, flattened membrane disks, one side is cis face it bring proteins and are packaged in vesicles and are absorbed from the cis face as they move through they are being modified at the other side of “pancakes” they are let go. Secretary vesicle, release things outside the cell. Transport vesicle bring digestive enzymes to lysosomes.
43
lysosomes
membrane-bound sacs formed by golgi contain powerful acid hydrolyses (digestive enzymes) function; digests substances transported into the cell or digests cellular debris
44
cytoskeleton
a network of protein filaments that extend throughout the cytosol function: provides structure and support and also aids in the movement of structure within the cell
45
nucleus
usually round and found towards the centre of the cell most cells have a single nucleus contains jelly-like nucleoplasm bounded by a double membrane
46
anucleate
no nucleus (red blood cells)
47
multicleate
more than one nucleus per cell (eg. skeletal muscle cells)
48
nuclear structures
the nucleus has three structures: nuclear envelope nucleoli chromatin
49
nuclear envelope
is a double membrane that controls the movement of substance between the cytoplasm and nucleus (eg. messenger RNA during DNA replication) lipid bilayer similar to plans membrane outer membrane is continuous with RER nuclear pore
50
nuclear pore
a circular ring of protein extending through the nuclear envelope. it allows for movement between cytoplasm and nucleus
51
nucleoli
nucleolus (singular), nucleoli (plural) dark stains round structure(s) found in the nucleus not enclosed by a membrane function: produce ribosomes
52
chromatin
granular, thread-like material composed of DNA and protein of a non-diving cell threads will become chromosomes when the cell is diving function; consist of genes which control cellular structure and direct cellular functions by providing instructions for protein synthesis
53
cell division
process by which cells reproduce themselves types types of cell division occur; somatic cell division reproductive cell division
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somatic cell division
a body cell undergoes nuclear division to produce a new body --> MITOSIS
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reproductive cell division
a germ cell undergoes nuclear division to produce a gamete --> MEIOSIS