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Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards exam 1 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major elements of the body

A

oxygen, carbon, phosphorous, calcium, hydrogen, nitrogen

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2
Q

percentage of major body elements in the body

A

oxygen - 65.0
carbon- 18.5
hydrogen 9.5
nitrogen-3.0
calcium-1.5
phosphorus-1.0

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3
Q

radioisotopes

A

excess of neutrons– unstable
alpha and beta particles; gamma rays

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4
Q

physical half life

A

time for 50% of radioisotopes to become stable
vary from a few hours to thousands of years

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5
Q

biological half life

A

time required for half of radioactive material from a test to be eliminated from the body

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6
Q

isomer

A

same formula different arrangement of atoms

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7
Q

glucose vs galactose vs fructose

A

same molecular formula
6 carbon hydrogen 6oxygen
atoms arranged differently
isomers may have different chemical properties

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8
Q

what are the elements in the human body that form covalent bonds

A

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen

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9
Q

carbon skeleton formation

A

straight/branched chains or rings
carbon present where lines meet at an angle
additional atoms are hydrogen

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10
Q

intermolecular attraction

A

weak chemical attraction between molecules

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11
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

form between polar molecules partially positive hydrogen and partially negative atom

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12
Q

other intermolecular attraction

A

unequal charges in non-polar molecules
unequal distribution of adjacent atom of another nonpolar molecule
individually weak, strong collectively

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13
Q

hydrophobic interactions

A

nonpolar molecules placed in polar substance

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14
Q

organic molecules

A

contain carbon are or were a part of living organism

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15
Q

inorganic molecules

A

include elements except carbon; ex. salts, acid, bases

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16
Q

phases of water

A

depends on temperature
gas- low molecular mass
liquid- due to hydrogen bonding
solid- ice

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17
Q

cohesion

A

attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding

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18
Q

surface tension

A

inward pulling of cohesive forces at the surface of water

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19
Q

adhesion

A

attraction between water molecules and a substance other than water

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20
Q

temperature

A

measure of kinetic energy of atoms or molecules within a substance

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21
Q

specific heat

A

amount of energy required to increase temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

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22
Q

heat of vaporization

A

heat required for release of molecules from a liquid phase into a gaseous phase for 1 gram of a substance
water high due to hydrogen bonding
sweat cools body

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23
Q

solvent

A

dissolves in water

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24
Q

universal solvent

A

water because most substances dissolve in it

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25
hydrophilic
water loving
26
hydration shell
when water surrounds substances
27
dissociate
separate
28
hydrophobic exclusion
cohesive water molecules force out nonpolar molecules
29
amphipathic
have polar and non polar regions
30
proton donor
increases concentration of H+
31
suspension
material larger in size than 1mm mixed with water
32
colloid
smaller particles than a suspension, but larger than those in a solution
33
solution
homogenous mixture of material smaller than 1 nanometer
34
emulsion
special category of colloid
35
functional groups
most are polar and able to bond with hydrogen bond
36
polymers
made of monomers
37
monomer
repeating subunits
38
dehydration synthesis
condensation synthesis of biomolecules one subunit loses -H another loses -OH
39
hydrolysis
breakdown of biomolecules one subunit adds -H another adds -OH
40
lipids
fatty insoluble in water cell membrane components, stored energy, hormones triglycerides steroids phospholipids eicosanoids
41
triglycerides
3 fatty acids 1 glycerol long term energy resource saturated/unsaturated/polyunsaturated fats
42
polyunsaturated fat
2 or more double bonds
43
lipogenesis
synthesis of fatty acids from nonlipid precursors. It is a pathway for metabolism of excess carbohydrate activated by high carbohydrate availability.
44
lipolysis
the breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids.
45
phospholipids
2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol 1 phosphate group glycerol has polar phosphate group - hydrophilic head fatty acid group is nonpolar tails -hydrophobic tail
46
steroids
4 carbon rings 3 carbon rings have 6 carbons the other has 5 carbons; composed of hydrocarbons; cholesterol
47
eicosanoids
20-carbon fatty acid synthesized from arachidonic acid-- flammatory response nervous system communication
48
carbohydrate
an H and OH attached to every carbon (CH2O)
49
glucose
6 carbon carbohydrate ; supplying energy to cell
50
glycogen
excess glucose; common in all animals
51
glycogenesis
excess glucose molecules bonded together (liver)
52
glycogenolysis
liver hydrolyzes glycogen into glucose as needed
53
gluconeogenesis
liver form glucose from noncarb sources
54
hexose monosaccharide examples
glucose and fructose
55
pentose sugars exs.
ribose/ deoxyribose
56
disaccharide exs.
sucrose (table sugar), maltose(malt sugar) and lactose (milk sugar)
57
starch and cellulose are found where
in plants
58
glycosaminoglycans
large carbohydrates with attached amino group
59
proteoglycans
GaGs attached to proteins
60
GaGs and proteoglycans are found where
connective tissue
61
nucleic acid
store and transfer genetic material
62
Phosphodiester bonds
what monomers are linked covalently through
63
nucleotide monomer
sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
64
pyrimidines
single ring -- cytosine, uracil, thymine
65
purines
double ring bases--- adenine and guanine
66
ATP
adenosine triphosphate release energy when broken adenine, ribose sugar, and phosphate group
67
protein functions
synthesis and digestion structural support Body movement Transport in blood membrane transport via carrier proteins protection
68
amino acid
20 different found in living organsims each has amine and carboxyl group
69
n-terminal end
free amine group
70
c-terminal end
free carboxyl group
71
oligopeptide
3-20 amino acids
72
glycoproteins
proteins with carbohydrate attached
73
nonpolar amino acids
contains r group with hydrogen or hydrocarbons
74
polar amino acids
contains r -group with other elements besides hydrogen and hydrocarbons
75
charged amino acids
contains r group with negative or positive charge
76
amino acids with special functions
proline cause bend in protein chain cytosine can for disulfide bond methionine first amino during protein synthesis
77
prosthetic groups
non protein structures covalently bonded to protein

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards exam 1 (9 decks)

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