chapter 3

Question 1

energy

Answer 1

capacity to do work

Question 2

potential energy

Answer 2

energy in position or stored

Question 3

kinetic energy

Answer 3

energy in motion

Question 4

chemical energy

Answer 4

form of potential energy
energy released from chemical bonds when bond is broken

Question 5

forms of kinetic energy

Answer 5

electrical, mechanical, sound, radiant, heat

Question 6

electrical energy

Answer 6

movement of charged particles

Question 7

mechanical energy

Answer 7

exhibited by objects in motion due to applied force

Question 8

sound energy

Answer 8

molecule compression caused by vibrating object

Question 9

radiant energy

Answer 9

energy of electromagnetic waves

Question 10

heat

Answer 10

kinetic energy from movement of atoms, ions, molecules

Question 11

thermodynamics

Answer 11

study of energy transformations

Question 12

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 12

energy can’t be created or destroyed it can only change in form

Question 13

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 13

energy is transformed; some energy is lost to heat

Question 14

oxidation-reduction reaction

Answer 14

redox reaction ; electrons moved from one chemical structure to another

Question 15

oxidation (oxidized)

Answer 15

structure that loses electron

Question 16

reduction (reduced)

Answer 16

structure that gains an electron

Question 17

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Answer 17

NAD+

Question 18

irreversible reaction

Answer 18

net loss of reactants and a net gain of products

Question 19

reversible reaction

Answer 19

does not proceed only to the right - no net charge in concentration of either reactants or products- equilibrium

Question 20

reaction rate

Answer 20

measure of how quickly chemical reaction takes place

Question 21

activation energy

Answer 21

energy required to break existing chemical bonds – reaction rate

Question 22

enzymes

Answer 22

accelerate chemical reaction (catalyst)

Question 23

uncatalyzed vs catalyzed

Answer 23

only facilitate reactions that would already occur
increase rate of product formation

Question 24

specificity

Answer 24

permits only a single substrate to bind
helps catalyze only one specific reaction

Question 25

cofactors

Answer 25

helper ions/molecules required to ensure that a reaction occurs

Question 26

dehydrogenases

Answer 26

involved in electron transfer

Question 27

kinases

Answer 27

transfer phosphate groups

Question 28

optimal temperature

Answer 28

usually 40C to 104F for human enzymes

Question 29

optimal ph

Answer 29

between ph of 6 and 8

Question 30

inhibitors

Answer 30

bind enzymes and turns them off

Question 31

competitive inhibitor

Answer 31

resembles substrate and binds to active site of enzyme compete for occupation of active site

Question 32

noncompetitive inhibitors

Answer 32

do not resemble substrate

Question 33

allosteric site

Answer 33

bind a site other than active site( allosteric inhibitors)

Question 34

metabolic pathway

Answer 34

series of enzymes; products of one enzyme becomes substrate of the next

Question 35

multienzyme complex

Answer 35

group of attached enzymes work in sequence of reactions

Question 36

phosphorylation

Answer 36

addition of phosphate group performed by phosphorylases or kinases

Question 37

dephosphorylation

Answer 37

removal of phosphate group performed by phosphatases

Question 38

glucose oxidation

Answer 38

breakdown of glucose with energy release carbon dioxide and water formed energy rich molecule

Question 39

substrate level of phosphorylation

Answer 39

least common energy can be used directly

Question 40

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 40

energy used indirectly energy released to coenzymes then transformed to form atp

Question 41

cytosol

Answer 41

liquid component of cytoplasm

Question 42

mitochondria

Answer 42

power house of the cell

Question 43

glycolysis

Answer 43

breakdown of glucose to form pyruvate acid; doesn't require oxygen production of 2 atp and 2 nadh

Question 44

intermediate stage

Answer 44

linked between glycolysis and citric acid cycle