Chapter 2 Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
aden/o
A
gland
2
Q
adip/o
A
fat
3
Q
anter/o
A
before, front
4
Q
caud/o
A
lower part of body, tail
5
Q
cephal/o
A
head
6
Q
cyt/o
A
cell
7
Q
end- / endo-
A
in, within, inside
8
Q
exo-
A
out of, outside, away from
9
Q
hist/o
A
tissue
10
Q
-ologist
A
specialist
11
Q
-ology
A
the science or study of
12
Q
path/o
A
disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
13
Q
-plasia
A
development, growth, formation
14
Q
poster/o
A
behind, toward the back
15
Q
-stasis
A
control, maintenance of a constant level
16
Q
abdominal cavity
A
contains the major organs of digestion
17
Q
adenocarcinoma
A
a malignant tumor that originates in the glands and may spread to other parts of the body
18
Q
adenoma
A
benign tumor that starts in the epithelial tissue or a gland or gland-like structure
19
Q
anaplasia
A
a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other; characteristic of most cancerous tumor formations
20
Q
anatomy
A
the study of the structures of the body
21
Q
anomaly
A
a deviation from what is regarded as normal
22
Q
anterior
A
situated in the front
23
Q
aplasia
A
a defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue
ex: aplastic anemia – body not producing enough new blood cell
24
Q
atresia
A
congenital absence or narrowing of a normal body opening or passage
25
autopsy
a postmortem examination
26
bloodborne transmission
the spread of pathogens through infected blood or other body fluids; these infected fluids must enter the blood stream to cause infection
27
caudal
toward the lower part of the body
28
cephalic
toward the head
29
chromosome
a genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell
30
communicable disease
any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects; aka contagious disease
31
congenital disorder
an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
32
cytoplasm
the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
33
distal
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
34
dorsal
the back of the organ or body
35
dysplasia
the abnormal development or growth of cells, or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue
36
endemic
the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area
37
endocrine glands
produce hormones, do not have ducts; secreted directly into the bloodstream and then are transported to organs and structures throughout the body
38
epidemic
a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
39
epigastric region
located above the stomach
40
etiology
the study of the causes of diseases or abnormal conditions
41
exocrine glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
ex: salivary, mammary, and sweat glands
42
functional disorder
a condition that produced physical symptoms for which no disease or other organic cause can be identified; aka non-organic disorder
43
genetic disorder
(aka hereditary disease) a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
44
geriatrician
a physician who specializes in the care of older people
45
hemophilia
a hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting factor is missing
46
histology
the microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues
47
homeostasis
the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
48
hyperplasia
an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ
49
hypertrophy
a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ due to an increase in the size of cells in the tissues (BUT NOT NUMBER); ex is muscle hypertrophy which is desired response to weight lifting
50
hypogastric region
located below the stomach
51
hypoplasia
the underdevelopment of an organ or tissue, usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
52
iatrogenic illness
an unfavourable response due to prescribed medical treatment
53
idiopathic disease
any disease without a known cause
54
infectious disease
an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
55
inguinal
relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen
56
medial
the direction toward, or, nearer the midline
57
mesentery
a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall (holding it in place)
58
midsagittal plane
(aka midline), the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
59
nosocomial infection
a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting
60
pandemic
an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, sometimes even worldwide
61
pathology
the study of disease
62
pelvic cavity
the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
63
peritoneum
a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
64
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
65
physiology
the study of the functions of the structures of the body
66
posterior
situated in the back or on the back part of an organ
67
proximal
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
68
retroperitoneal
located behind the peritoneum
ex: location of the kidneys is retroperitoneal with one on each side of the spinal column
69
stem cells
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
70
syndrome
a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease process
71
thoracic cavity
also known as chest cavity or thorax; surround and protects the heart and lungs
72
transverse plane
a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
73
umbilicus
commonly known as the belly button or navel, this pit in the center of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbilical cord was attached before birth
74
vector-borne transmission
the spread of certain disease through blood-sucking vectors (ex: flies, mites, fleas, ticks, etc.)
75
ventral
refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body
76
body system
when body parts work together to perform related function
77
body planes
imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes
78
frontal plane
divides the body into anterior or ventral (front) and posterior or dorsal (back) portions
79
a vertical plane
an up-and-down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon
80
sagittal plane
vertical plane that divides the body into UNEQUAL left and right portions
81
a horizontal plane
a flat, crosswise plane, such as the horizon
82
lateral
direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline
83
superior
uppermost, above, or toward the head
84
inferior
lowermost, below, or toward the feet
85
body cavities
spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs
86
dorsal cavity
located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the NS that coordinate body functions and is divided into 2 portions (cranial cavity and spinal cavity)
87
cranial cavity
located within the skull; surrounds and protects the brain
88
spinal cavity
located within the spinal column; surrounds and protects the spinal cord
89
ventral cavity
located along the front of the body; contains organs that sustain homeostasis; divided into 3 portions: thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
90
home/o
constant
91
chondr/i
cartilage
92
umbilical region
surrounds the umbilicus
93
ili
hip bone
94
parietal peritoneum
the OUTER layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
95
visceral peritoneum
the INNER layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
96
cells
the basic structural and functional units of the body; specialized and grouped together to form tissues and rogans
97
cytology
the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
98
cytologist
a specialist in the study and analysis of cells
99
cell membrane
tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment
100
nucleus
surrounded by the nuclear membrane; controls activities of the cell, and helps it divide
101
adult (somatic) stem cells
undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ
102
undifferentiated
not having a specialized function or structure
103
differentiated
having a specialized function or structure
104
embryonic stem cells
undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell; have the important ability to form any adult cell
105
gene
fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity
106
genetics
study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease
107
dominant gene
inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition or characteristic
108
recessive gene
if inherited from both parents, the offspring will have that condition; if inherited from only one parent the offspring will not have the condition
109
genome
complete set of genetic information of an organism
110
somatic cell
any cell in the body except gametes; contain 46 chromosomes
111
gamete
aka sex cell; only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes
112
genetic mutation
a change of the sequence of a DNA molecules
113
genetic engineering
manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes
114
epithelial tissue
forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body; also form glands
115
epithelium
the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes
116
endothelium
the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
117
connective tissues
support and connect organs and other body tissues
118
dense connective tissue
bone and cartilage; form the joins and framework of the body
119
adipose tissue
(fat) provides protective padding, insulation, and support
120
loose connective tissue
holds organs in place and binds tissue together
121
fluid connective tissue
blood and lymph; transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body
122
muscle tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
123
nerve tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses
124
gland
group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
125
adenitis
inflammation of a gland
126
carcin
cancerous
127
-oma
tumor
128
adenosis
any disease or condition of a gland
129
major body systems
skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, lymphatic, immune
129
pathologist
physician who specializes in the laboratory analysis of diseased tissue samples to confirm or establish diagnosis
130
direct transmission
when there is human-to-human contact in the form of touch or the exchange of bodily fluids
131
droplet transmission
spread of infected respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing into a nearby person
132
indirect contact transmission
susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
133
airborne transmission
contact with pathogens floating in the air
134
food-borne and waterborne transmission
aka fecal-oral; caused by eating or drinking contaminate food or water not properly treated to remove/kill pathogens
135
epidemiologist
specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group
136
epi-
above
137
dem/i
population
138
organic disorder
produces symptoms that are detectable physical changes in the body
139
congenital
existing at birth
140
developmental disorder
aka birth defect; can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or presence of an extra toe
141
fetal alcohol syndrome
result of a mother's consumption of alcohol during the pregnancy; characterized by the baby's physical and behavioural traits - growth abnormalities, mental retardation, brain damage, and socialization difficulties
142
premature birth
birth occurs earlier than 37th week
143
birth injuries
disorders that occur as a result of trauma during labor or delivery
144
geriatrics
study of the medical problems and care of older people; aka gerontology
145
postmortem
after death
146
living will
aka Physicians orders for life-sustaining treatment; a document that allows a person to state their wishes for end of life medical care
147
health care proxy (HCP)
aka durable power of attorney for health care; an advance directive allowing the person to appoint a trusted person to make treatment decisions should the patient be unable to
148
do not resuscitate order (DNR)
aka no code or allow natural death; legal document stating that a person does not wish to receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if a patient's heart or breathing stop
149
general practitioner (GP)
aka family practice physician; provides ongoing care for patients of all ages
150
internist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems
151
pediatrician
physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children
152
nurse practitioner (NP)
nurse with graduate training who often works as a primary care provider
153
physician assistant (PA)
licensed professional who works under the supervision of a physician
154
medical receptionist
schedules and registers patients for appointments and may also work as a medical assistant
155
medical assistant
performs administrative and clinical tasks in a doctor’s office, such as coding patients’ medical information, measuring a patient’s vital signs, administering injections, and drawing blood
156
certified medical assistant (CMA)
medical assistant certified through the American Association of Medical Assistants
157
medical coder
reviews patients’ medical records for insurance purposes, assigning codes for treatment and services based on universal alphanumeric codes for medical diagnoses, equipment, and procedures
158
emergency room (ER)
focuses on diagnosing and treating life-threatening emergency medical conditions
159
emergency physician
doctor who specializes in high-acuity medicine in the ER
160
emergency medical technician (EMT)
licensed health care professional who works in a pre-hospital setting on an ambulance, or in an emergency room
161
registered nurse (RN)
licensed health care professional who works in a variety of health care settings. RNs assess patients and provide care following a doctor’s orders
162
licensed vocational nurse (LVN) or licensed practical nurse (LPN)
works under the supervision of a doctor or RN to provide basic patient care
163
certified nursing assistant (CNA)
works under the supervision of a RN to provide basic patient care
164
pharmacist
licensed medical professional who dispenses prescribed medication to patients
165
intensive care unit (ICU)
provides continuously monitored care for critically ill patients
166
intensivist
physician specializing in the care of critically ill patients hospitalized in the ICU
167
hospitalist
physician focusing on the general medical care of hospitalized patients
168
telemetry unit
provides continuous cardiac monitoring for patients with heart problems not requiring intensive care
169
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
genetic disorder present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems
170
down syndrome (DS)
aka trisomy 21; genetic variation associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities
171
fragile X syndrome
caused by changes in the MR1 gene that usually makes a protein needed for normal brain development
172
huntington's disease
genetic disorder that is passed from parent to child; causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife.
173
marfan syndrome
disorder affecting the connective tissue throughout the body, including the heart, eyes, blood vessels and musculoskeletal system.
174
muscular dystrophy
group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement
175
phenylketonuria
rare genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing.
176
A & P
anatomy and physiolgy
177
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
178
GP
general practitioner
179
HD
Huntington's disease
180
LLQ
left lower quadrant
181
LUQ
left upper quadrant
182
PA
physician assistant
183
RLQ
right lower quadrant
184
RUQ
right upper
185
abbreviation for chromosome
Chr
186
PKU
Phenylketonuria
187
HD
Huntington's disease
188
DS
down syndrome
189
CF
cystic fibrosis
