Chapter 8 Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
esophagus
A
the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach
2
Q
duodenum
A
first portion of the small intestine; extends from the pylorus to the jejunum
3
Q
jejunum
A
middle portion of the small intestine; extends from the duodenum to the ileum
4
Q
ileum
A
last and longest portion of the small intestine, extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine
5
Q
glycogen
A
form of glucose stored in the liver and muscles
6
Q
bile
A
digestive juice secreted by the liver that is necessary for the digestion of fat
7
Q
bilirubin
A
a pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile, giving it a yellow to green color; excessive amounts can lead to jaundice
8
Q
digestion
A
process where complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use
9
Q
metabolism
A
all of the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients
10
Q
anabolism
A
building up of body cells or substances from nutrients
11
Q
catabolism
A
breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide
12
Q
absorption
A
process where completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body
13
Q
villi
A
finger-like projections that cover the mucosa that lines the small intestine; each contains blood vessels and lacteals
14
Q
mastication
A
aka chewing; breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed
15
Q
bolus
A
a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed
16
Q
chyme (KYM)
A
the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine
17
Q
feces
A
aka solid body waste or stool; expelled through rectum and anus
18
Q
defecation
A
aka bowel movement; evacuation or emptying of the large intestine
19
Q
gut microflora/microbiota
A
the billions of bacteria present in the large intestine to protect against infection and help maintain the immune system
20
Q
flatulence
A
the passage of gas (flatus) out of the body through the rectum
21
Q
bariatrics
A
the branch of medicine for the prevention and management of obesity and associated diseases.
22
Q
gastroenterologist
A
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines
23
Q
orthodontist
A
a dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures
24
Q
periodontist
A
a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth
25
proctologist
a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus
26
registered dietitian (RD)
a specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels patients on improving their dietary intake
27
canker sores
aka aphthous ulcers; gray-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth
28
ulcer
an open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges
29
cold sores
aka herpes labialis or fever blisters; blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
30
leukoplakia
an abnormal white, usually benign lesion (sore) that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek, develop in response to chronic irritation in the mouth such as smoking, chewing tobacco, or constant rubbing against a broken tooth
31
stomatitis
inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth
32
oral thrush
fungal infection in the mouth caused by Candida albicans
33
xerostomia
aka dry mouth; the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands
34
halitosis
aka bad breath; an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders
35
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
36
gastroesophageal reflex disease (GERD)
the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus
37
gastroenteritis
an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the stomach and intestines
38
anorexia
the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease
39
cachexia
physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer and AIDS
40
dehydration
condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body’s normal electrolyte balance
41
malnutrition
lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients
42
malabsorption
a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it
43
obesity
an excessive accumulation of fat in the body
44
body mass index (BMI)
a ratio of weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
45
severe obesity
the condition of having a body mass index value greater than 40
46
aerophagia
excessive swallowing of air while eating/drinking
common cause of gas in the stomach
47
dyspepsia
pain or discomfort in digestion
48
emesis
vomiting
49
eructation
the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach
50
hematemesis
the vomiting of coagulated blood
51
hyperemesis
extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration
52
nausea
the urge to vomit
53
regurgitation
the return of swallowed food into the mouth
54
celiac disease
an autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to ingesting gluten
55
gluten intolerance
aka non-celiac gluten sensitivity; a response to gluten involving digestive distress but not causing the intestinal tissue damage of celiac disease
56
food allergy
an immune system reaction that occurs after eating a certain food
57
lactose intolerance
inability to digest dairy products due to the absence of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to process the sugar (lactose) found in milk and some other dairy products
58
polyp
a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane
59
diverticulosis
the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula, or sacs, formed in weak spots of the colon wall
60
diverticulitis
inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula in the wall of the colon
61
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping and abdominal pain, accompanied by constipation or diarrhea
62
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
the general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines
63
ulcerative colitis
a chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation of the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation
64
clostridium difficile
aka C. diff; a common bacterial infection, typically following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria. This disease causes diarrhea and can lead to inflammation of the colon
65
constipation
having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week
66
diarrhea
an abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools and can lead to dehydration
67
hemorrhoids
occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening
68
melena
the passage of black, tarry, and foul-smelling stools
69
ascites
an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
70
hepatomegaly
the abnormal enlargement of the liver
71
jaundice
yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes
72
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection
73
cirrhosis
a chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring
74
enema
placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity
75
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
an endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract
76
antioxidants
chemicals such as vitamins A, C, and E; carotene; and lutein that may prevent or delay cell damage by blocking the activity of potentially harmful chemicals called free radicals
77
probiotics
living microorganisms sometimes described as “good” bacteria because of their role in aiding digestion and protecting the body from harmful bacteria
78
prebiotics
the nondigestible carbohydrates that probiotics feed on and are found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
79
antacids
neutralize the acids in the stomach, are taken to relieve the discomfort of conditions such as pyrosis or to help peptic ulcers heal
80
proton pump inhibitors (PPI)
block the action of the enzyme in the wall of the stomach that produces acid. These medications are used to treat the symptoms of GERD
81
oral rehydration therapy
a treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany diarrhea, especially in young children
82
enteral nutrition (EN)
feeding using the digestive system either through eating and drinking by mouth or via tube feeding
83
parenteral nutrition
aka total parenteral nutrition (TPN); administered to patients who cannot or should not get their nutrition through the digestive system
84
ostomy
surgically creating an opening
85
an/o
anus, ring
86
chol/e
bile, gall
87
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
88
col/o, colon/o
colon, large intestine
89
enter/o
small intestine
90
esophag/o
esophagus
91
gastr/o
stomach, belly
92
hepat/o
liver
93
-lithiasis
presence of stones
94
-pepsia
digest
95
-phagia
eating, swallowing
96
proct/o
anus and rectum
97
rect/o
rectum, straight
98
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
99
anastomosis
a surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures
100
antiemetic
medication administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting
101
borborygmus
the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine
102
cheilitis
inflammation of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth
103
cholangiography
radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium
104
cholangitis
acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice
105
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile
106
cholelithiasis
the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
107
colonoscopy
direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum using a colonoscope
108
colostomy
surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface
109
Crohn's disease
a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; however, it is most often found in the ileum and in the colon
110
dental prophylaxis
professional examining, cleaning, and polishing of the gums and teeth to remove plaque and tartar
111
endoscopy
visual examination of internal structures
112
enteritis
an inflammation of the small intestine caused by ingesting substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens which causes diarrhea
113
esophageal varices
enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus
114
gastroduodenostomy
the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum
115
gastroparesis
a condition in which gastric motility slows down, causing delayed gastric emptying
116
gastrostomy tube
a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly on the abdomen, directly into the stomach
117
Hemoccult test
a laboratory test for hidden blood in the stool
118
hiatal hernia
an anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm
119
ileus
partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine
120
inguinal hernia
the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin
121
nasogastric intubation
the placement of a nasogastric feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach
122
palatoplasty
surgical repair of a cleft palate or cleft lip
123
peptic ulcer disease
a disease characterized by sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system
124
peristalsis
a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system
125
salmonellosis
an infectious disease transmitted by feces, either through direct contact with animals, or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs or unpasteurized milk products
126
trismus
any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer
127
volvulus
twisting of the intestine on itself, causing an obstruction
128
hematochezia
blood in the stool originates from the lower part of the esophageal tract
