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Child Development > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Def: Natural Selection

A

the evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species tat are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce

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2
Q

Def: Evolutionary Psychology

A

emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior

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3
Q

Def: Fit

A

the ability to bear offspring that survive long enough to bear offspring of their own

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4
Q

Genome-wide association method

A

aims to identify genetic variations linked to a particular disorder

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5
Q

Linkage analysis

A

goal is to discover the location of a gene in relation to a marker gene

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6
Q

Next-generation sequencing

A

describes the vast increase in genetic data generated at a much reduced cost and in a much shorter period of time

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7
Q

1,000 Genomes Project

A

goal of determining the genomic sequences of at least 1,000 individuals from different ethnic groups around the world

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8
Q

Sources of genetic variability

A

-the chromosomes in the zygote are not exact copies of those in the mother’s ovaries and the father’s testes
-Mutated genes
-variation between genotype and phenotype

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9
Q

Genetic imprinting

A

occurs when genes have differing effects depending on whether they are inherited from the mother of the father

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10
Q

Down syndrome

A

CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY
-an extra chromosome causes mild to severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities
-round face, flattened skull, extra fold of skin over eyelids, protruding tongue, short limbs and disabilities involving motor and intellectual development

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11
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

SEX- LINKED CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY
An extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities
-enlarged breasts and tall
-impairment in language, academic, attentional and motor abilities

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12
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

SEX-LINKED CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY
An abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability, learning disabilities, or short attention span
-prominent ears, a long face, a high arched palate and soft skin
-mental deficiency

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13
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

SEX-LINKED CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY
A missing X chromosome in females
-can cause intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment

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14
Q

XYY syndrome

A

SEX-LINKED CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY
An extra Y chromosome can cause above-average height
-Aggression and violence

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15
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES
-metabolic disorder that, left untreated, causes intellectual disability

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16
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES
-Glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production; breathing and digestion are hampered, resulting in a shortened life span

17
Q

Diabetes

A

GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES
-Body does not produce enough insulin which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar

18
Q

Hemophilia

A

GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES
-delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding

19
Q

Huntington Disease

A

GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES
-central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration

20
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES
-blood disorder that limits the body’s oxygen supply; it can cause joint swelling, as well as heart and kidney failure

21
Q

Spina Bifida

A

GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES
-Neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities

22
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease

A

GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES
-Deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system

23
Q

Ultrasound Sonography

A

-high frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant women’s abdomen
-can detect structural abnormalities, number of fetuses and give clues to baby’s sex

24
Q

Fetal MRI

A

-used to diagnose fetal malformations
-uses a powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body’s organs and structure

25
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling

A

-10 to 14 weeks
-used to detect genetic and chromosomal abnormalities
-a prenatal medical procedure in which a small sample of the placenta is removed

26
Q

Amniocentesis

A
  • 14 to 20 weeks
    -a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosomal and metabolic disorders
27
Q

Maternal Blood Screening

A

16-18 weeks
-identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects
-measures 3 substances in mothers blood

28
Q

Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis

A
  • Focused on brain-imaging techniques, the isolation and examination of fetal cells circulating in the mother’s blood and analysis of cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma
29
Q

Fetal Sex Determination

A

-between 11 and 13 weeks
-through chorionic villus sampling

30
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

the field that seeks to discover the influence of hereditary and environment on indiviudal differences in human traits and development

31
Q

Passive genotype-environment correlations

A

biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child

32
Q

Evocative Genotype-environment correlations

A

a child’s genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments

33
Q

Active genotype-environment correlations

A

when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating

34
Q

Shared environmental experiences

A

siblings common experiences

35
Q

Nonshared environmental experiences

A

a child’s unique experiences that are not shared with a sibling
-within and outside the family

36
Q

Epigenetic View

A

states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment

37
Q

Gene x environment interaction

A

the interaction of a specific measured variation in DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment

Child Development (18 decks)

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