Chapter 2

Question 1

Protein

Answer 1

Bio-macromolecule made of amino acid chains folded into 3D shape

Question 2

polypeptide:

Answer 2

Long chain of amino acids.Protein can be made up of one or many polypeptides

Question 3

Proteome

Answer 3

All the proteins that are expresed by a cell or organism at one given time

Question 4

Enzyme

Answer 4

Organic molecule(typically protein) that catalyses reactions.

Question 5

Peptide hormone

Answer 5

Protein signalling molecule

Question 6

Antibody

Answer 6

protein produced by plasma cells during adaptive immune response

Question 7

Hydrophobic

Answer 7

Repels and insoluble to water

Question 8

Hydrophilic

Answer 8

Tendency to be attracted to and dissolve in water

Question 9

Monomer

Answer 9

building blocks of polymers

Question 10

Polymer

Answer 10

large molecule made up of monomers

Question 11

Condensation reaction

Answer 11

reaction where 2 monomers join to form a larger molecule,producing water

Question 12

Peptide bond

Answer 12

Bond that keeps amino acids together.

Question 13

Primary structure

Answer 13

refers to the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Question 14

Secondary structure

Answer 14

formation of alpha helixs, b-plated sheets and random coils

Question 15

Tertiary structure:

Answer 15

Refers to the functional 3d shape of a polypeptide chain

Question 16

Quaternitry structure:

Answer 16

:2 or more polypeptide chains

Question 17

Nucleic acid:

Answer 17

Macramolecules (DNA and RNA),polymer made up of nucleotides

Question 18

Nucleotide

Answer 18

monomer,makes up a nucleic acid

Question 19

Messenger RNA-

Answer 19

:Carry genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome

Question 20

Transport RNA

Answer 20

RNA that recognises specific codons on the mRNA strand and adds the corresponding amino acid to the polypeptide chain, during translation.

Question 21

Ribosomal RNA

Answer 21

RNA that is a key structural component of ribosomes, assembling proteins

Question 22

Transcription

Answer 22

Sequence of DNA is used as a template to create complementary sequence of mRNA

Question 23

Translation

Answer 23

mRNA sequence is read to produce a corresponding amino acid sequence to build a polypeptide chain

Question 24

Triplet

Answer 24

sequence of 3 nucleotide in DNA that forms a amino acid

Question 25

Codon

Answer 25

Sequence of 3 nucleotides in m-RNA that forms an amino acid

Question 26

Start codon

Answer 26

(AUG)

Question 27

Stop codons

Answer 27

(UAA,UGA,UAG)

Question 28

Universal

Answer 28

All living organisms use the same codons to code for amino acids

Question 29

Degenerate

Answer 29

1 amino acid can be coded for by many different codons

Question 30

Unambiguous

Answer 30

Only 1 codon can code for 1 amino acid

Question 31

Non-overlapping

Answer 31

each codon must be read individually

Question 32

Regulatory genes

Answer 32

genes that produced proteins that have the ability to oppress or activate a gene

Question 33

Structural genes

Answer 33

genes that are responsible for producing proteins that are involved in the structure or function of a cell

Question 34

Promoter

Answer 34

region to which RNA polymerase binds in transcription

Question 35

RNA polymerase

Answer 35

Enzyme responsible for constructing a pre-mRNA sequence from a dna sequence during transcription

Question 36

Enzyme

Answer 36

helps catalyze a reaction

Question 37

TATA box

Answer 37

a type of promoter region

Question 38

Introns (only in eukaryotes):

Answer 38

non-coding regions

Question 39

Exons:

Answer 39

regions of gene that code

Question 40

Operator (prokaryotes):

Answer 40

where the repressor binds, alters transcription

Question 41

Repressor protein

Answer 41

Protein coded for by regulatory protein, that prevents gene expression

Question 42

Gene expression

Answer 42

process of reading information stored within a gene to create a functional protein

Question 43

Leader region

Answer 43

segment on DNA or RNA that immediately proceeds the coding regio

Question 44

Transcription factor

Answer 44

proteins that bind to promoter region and control the functioning of RNA polymerase

Question 45

Alternative splicing

Answer 45

:Process where different exons may be spliced,resulting in a single gene producing multiple different mRNA strands

Question 46

Anticodon

Answer 46

- sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA molecule (translation)

Question 47

Exocytosis

Answer 47

type of bulk transport that moves large substances out of a cell

Question 48

Trp operon

Answer 48

found within bacteria codes for tryptophan

Question 49

Trp operon repression:

Answer 49

where repressor proteins bind to operon and stop the transcription of the tryptophan protein

Question 50

Conformational change

Answer 50

A change of shape in the 3 dimensial shape of protein

Question 51

Attenuator region:

Answer 51

part of the leader region within the trp operon that allows for attenuation

Question 52

ribosome

Answer 52

site of protein synthesis

Question 53

vesicle

Answer 53

a small fluid-field organelle enclosed in in a phospholipid membrane that transports substances around the cell

Question 54

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 54

folds and transports proteins

Question 55

Transport vesicle

Answer 55

transports proteins

Question 56

Golgi apparatus

Answer 56

modifies and packages proteins

Question 57

Secretory vesicle

Answer 57

transports proteins

Question 58

Substrate

Answer 58

reactant of a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme

Question 59

Reactant

Answer 59

molecule that undergoes a transformation into a product.When enzymes are involved the reactant is called the substrate

Question 60

Active site

Answer 60

site on enzyme that the substrate binds to

Question 61

Reversible inhibition

Answer 61

enzyme inhibition that involves weaker bonds that can be overcome

Question 62

Irreversible inhibition

Answer 62

enzyme inhibition that cannot be brocken

Question 63

Biochemical pathway:

Answer 63

a series of enzyme-catalysed biochemical reactions in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate of the next reaction

Question 64

cofactor

Answer 64

any organic or inorganic molecule that assists enzyme function

Question 65

ATP

Answer 65

Adenine triphosphate, a high energy molecule, provides energy for cellular processes