Chapter 3 and 4

Question 1

endonuclease

Answer 1

enzyme that breaks the phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides in a polynucleotide chain

Question 2

Recognition site

Answer 2

specific target sequence of DNA upon which restriction endonucleases act

Question 3

Restriction endonuclease:

Answer 3

any enzyme that acts like molecular scissors to cut nucleic acid strands at specific recognition sites.Also known as restriction enzyme

Question 4

Ligase

Answer 4

enzyme that joins molecules, including DNA or RNA, together by catalysing the formation of phosphodiester bonds

Question 5

Polymerase:

Answer 5

enzyme that synthesis a polymer from monomers such as forming a DNA strand from nucleic acids

Question 6

Primer

Answer 6

short single strand of nucleic acids that act as a starting point for polymerase enzymes to attach

Question 7

CRISPR-Cas9:

Answer 7

a complex formed between gRNA and Cas9 which can cut a target sequence of DNA. Bacteria use this complex for protection from viruses and scientists have modified it to edit genomes.

Question 8

Cas (9)

Answer 8

Endonuclease that creates a blunt end cut at a site specified by gRNA

Question 9

CRISPR

Answer 9

”clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats”,found in prokaryotes that protect them against viral invasion

Question 10

Spacer

Answer 10

short sequences of DNA obtained from invading bacteriophages that are added into the CRISPR sequence

Question 11

Genetic modification

Answer 11

manipulation of an organisms genetic material using biotechnology

Question 12

crispr RNA (crRNA)

Answer 12

made up of spacer and repeat which are transcribed and cleaved to produce the “mugshot” for cas9 to cut DNA

Question 13

TracerRNA

Answer 13

consists of complementary sequence to the crna repeat which enables the 2 molecules to bond, TracerRNA is responsible for binding tightly with Cas9 to establish the CRISPR-Cas9 complex

Question 14

Genetic modification:

Answer 14

manipulation of an organisms genetic material using biotechnology

Question 15

Deleterious mutation

Answer 15

A change in DNA that negatively affects an individual

Question 16

Gene therapy

Answer 16

repairing genetic mutations by replacing a defective gene with a healthy one

Question 17

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer 17

laboratory technique used to produce many identical copies of DNA from a small initial sample

Question 18

Taq polymerase

Answer 18

heat resistant DNA polymerase enzyme.

Question 19

Gel electrophoresis

Answer 19

Technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their molecular size

Question 20

Plasmid

Answer 20

a small circular loop of DNA separate from the chromosome, typically found in bacteria

Question 21

Recombinant plasmid

Answer 21

:a circular DNA vector that is ligated to incorporate a gene of interest

Question 22

Bacterial transformation:

Answer 22

the process by which bacteria take up foreign DNA from their environment

Question 23

Genetic modification

Answer 23

manipulation of an organisms genetic material using biotechnology

Question 24

Gene of interest

Answer 24

a gene scientists want to be expressed in recombinant bacteria

Question 25

Vector:

Answer 25

a means of introducing foreign DNA into an organism.Plasmids are a popular vector in bacterial transformation.

Question 26

Plasmid vector

Answer 26

a piece of circular DNA that is modified to be an ideal vector for bacterial transformation experiments

Question 27

Antibiotic resistance gene

Answer 27

gene that inhabits antibiotic resistance

Question 28

Origin of replication (ORI)

Answer 28

a sequence found in prokaryotes that signals the start site of DNA replication

Question 29

Reporter gene

Answer 29

gene with an easily identifiable phenotype that can be used to identify whether a plasmid has taken up the gene of interest

Question 30

Heat shock

Answer 30

:method that involves rapidly increasing then decreasing the temperature to increase the permeability of plasma membrane to enhance the likelihood of bacterial transformation

Question 31

Electroporation

Answer 31

a method that involves delivering an electric shock to bacterial membranes to increase their membrane permeability

Question 32

Genetic engineering

Answer 32

:the process of using biotechnology to alter the genome of an organism

Question 33

Gentically modified organism (GMO)

Answer 33

organism that has genetic material that has been altered using genetic engineering technology

Question 34

Host organism

Answer 34

organism which researchers wish to genetically modify

Question 35

Cisgenic organisms

Answer 35

Gentically modified organism that cotains foreign gentic material from a sexually compatable donor organism, typically from the same species

Question 36

Transgenic organism:

Answer 36

Genetically modified organism that contains foreign genetic material from a separate species.