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INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

An extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

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2
Q

The basic cell that makes up the nervous system and receives and sends messages within that system

A

NEURON

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3
Q

Deals with the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue
– relationship to behavior and learning

A

NEUROSCIENCE

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4
Q

Parts of a neuron

A

• Dendrites
• Soma
• Axon

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5
Q

Branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons

A

DENDRITES

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6
Q

Long, tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells

A

AXON

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7
Q

The cell body of the neuron, responsible for maintaining the life of the cell

A

SOMA

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8
Q

Grey fatty cells that:
- provide support for the neurons to grow on and around
– deliver nutrients to neurons
– produce myelin to coat axons

A

GLIAL CELLS

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9
Q

fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse
– clean up waste products and dead neurons

A

MYELIN

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10
Q

Charged particles

A

IONS

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11
Q

the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse

A

RESTING POTENTIAL

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12
Q

The release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon
– allows positive sodium ions to enter the cell

A

ACTION POTENTIAL

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13
Q

A neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all

A

ALL OR NONE

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14
Q
  • Rounded areas at the end of the branches at the end of the axon
    – responsible for communicating with other nerve cells
A

AXON TERMINAL

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15
Q

Sack-like structures found inside the axon terminal containing chemicals

A

SYNAPTIC VESICLES

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16
Q

Chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell

A

NEUROTRANSMITTER

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17
Q

Microscopic fluid-filled space between the rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell

A

SYNAPSE/SYNAPTIC GAP

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18
Q

Holes in the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters

A

RECEPTOR SITES

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19
Q

neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to fire

A

EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTER

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20
Q

neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to stop firing

A

INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTER

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21
Q

mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell

A

AGONIST

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22
Q

Block or reduce a cell’s response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters

A

ANTAGONIST

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23
Q

Process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles

A

REUPTAKE

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24
Q

Part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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25
Q

A long bundle of neurons that carries messages to and from the body to the brain that is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes

A

SPINAL CORD

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26
Q

a neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system

A

SENSORY NEURON

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27
Q

also called an afferent neuron

A

SENSORY NEURON

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28
Q

A neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

A

MOTOR NEURON

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29
Q

Also called an efferent neuron

A

MOTOR NEURON

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30
Q

a neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the sensory neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the motor neurons

A

INTERNEURON

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31
Q

make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain

A

INTERNEURON

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32
Q

The ability to constantly change both the structure and function of cells in response to experience or trauma

A

NEUROPLASTICITY

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33
Q

All nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself

A

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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34
Q

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IS DIVIDED INTO?

A

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEN

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35
Q

Soma means?

A

BODY

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36
Q

Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body

A

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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37
Q

Nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neuronse

A

SENSORY PATHWAY

38
Q

Nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of motor neurons

A

MOTOR PATHWAY

39
Q

Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands; sensory pathway nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons

A

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

40
Q

Part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal

A

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

41
Q

Part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands

A

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

42
Q

Glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

A

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

43
Q

Chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands

A

HORMONES

44
Q

Gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland)

A

PITUITARY GLAND

45
Q

Endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum that secretes melatonin (sleep-wake cycle)

A

PINEAL GLAND

46
Q

Endocrine gland found in the neck that regulates metabolism

A

THYROID GLAND

47
Q

Endocrine gland that controls the levels of sugar in the blood

A

PANCREAS

48
Q

The sex glands; secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction

A

GONADS

49
Q

Types of Gonads

A

OVARIES AND TESTES

50
Q

Endocrine glands located on top of each kidney

A

ADRENAL GLAND

51
Q

Secrete over thirty different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake (blood pressure). Provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence

A

ADRENAL GLAND

52
Q

Parts of the Hindbrain

A

• Medulla
• Pons
• Reticular Formation (RF)
• Cerebellum

53
Q

First large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain

A

MEDULLA

54
Q

Responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate

A

MEDULLA

55
Q

Larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom. Plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left–right body coordination, and arousal

A

PONs

56
Q

Areas of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond. Responsible for selective attention.

A

RETICULAR FORMATION

57
Q

Part of the lower brain located behind the pons. Controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement

A

CEREBELLUM

58
Q

A group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation

A

LIMBIC SYSTEM

59
Q

PARTS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM

A

• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Hippocampus
• Amygdala
• Cingulate Cortex

60
Q

Part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain

A

THALAMUS

61
Q

Relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex. Processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area

A

THALAMUS

62
Q

Small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

63
Q

Responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep , hunger, thirst, and sex

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

64
Q

Curved structure located within each temporal lobe

A

HIPPOCAMPUS

65
Q

Responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects

A

HIPPOCAMPUS

66
Q

Brain structure located near the hippocampus. Responsible for fear responses and the memory of fear

A

AMYGDALA

67
Q

The limbic structure actually found in the cortex. Plays important roles in cognitive and emotional processing

A

CINGULATE CORTEX

68
Q

Outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons. Responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input

A

CORTEX

69
Q

Wrinkling of the cortex
Allows a much larger area of cortical cells to exist in the small space inside the skull

A

CORTICALIZATION

70
Q

The two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain

A

CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

71
Q

Thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

CORPUS CALLOSUM

72
Q

Section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain

A

OCCIPITAL LOBE

73
Q

Processes visual information from the eyes

A

PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX

74
Q

Identifies and makes sense of visual information

A

VISUAL ASSOCIATION CORTEX

75
Q

Sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the l centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations

A

PARIETAL LOBES

76
Q

Area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes. Responsible for processing information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body position, and possibly taste

A

SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX

77
Q

Areas of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech

A

TEMPORAL LOBES

78
Q

Processes auditory information from the ears

A

PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX

79
Q

identifies and makes sense of auditory information

A

AUDITORY ASSOCIATION CORTEX

80
Q

Areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain; responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech

A

FRONTAL LOBE

81
Q

Section of the frontal lobe located at the back; responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system

A

MOTOR CORTEX

82
Q

areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing

A

ASSOCIATION AREAS

83
Q

Condition resulting from damage to Broca’s area (usually in left frontal lobe)
– causes the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly

A

BROCA’S APHASIA

84
Q

Condition resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area (usually in left temporal lobe)
– causes the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language

A

WERNICKE’S APHASIA

85
Q

The upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and the structures that connect them

A

CEREBRUM

86
Q

Study of patients with severed corpus callosum
– involves sending messages to only one side of the brain
– demonstrates right and left brain specialization

A

SPLIT-BRAIN RESEARCH

87
Q

Side of the brain. Analysis, and mathematical abilities. Processes information sequentially, and enables one to speak

A

LEFT SIDE OF THE BRAIN

88
Q

Controls emotional expression, spatial perception,
right side of the brain recognition of faces, patterns, melodies, and emotions
– it processes information globally and cannot influence speech

A

RIGHT SIDE OF THE BRAIN

89
Q

Types of Myelin sheath

A

SCHWANN CELLS AND OLIGODENDROCYTES

90
Q

-

A

INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY (8 decks)

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