Chapter 2 Flashcards by Aerish Sison

An extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body

NERVOUS SYSTEM

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The basic cell that makes up the nervous system and receives and sends messages within that system

NEURON

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Deals with the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue
– relationship to behavior and learning

NEUROSCIENCE

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Parts of a neuron

• Dendrites
• Soma
• Axon

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Branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons

DENDRITES

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Long, tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells

AXON

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The cell body of the neuron, responsible for maintaining the life of the cell

SOMA

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Grey fatty cells that:
- provide support for the neurons to grow on and around
– deliver nutrients to neurons
– produce myelin to coat axons

GLIAL CELLS

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fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse
– clean up waste products and dead neurons

MYELIN

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Charged particles

IONS

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the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse

RESTING POTENTIAL

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The release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon
– allows positive sodium ions to enter the cell

ACTION POTENTIAL

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A neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all

ALL OR NONE

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Rounded areas at the end of the branches at the end of the axon
– responsible for communicating with other nerve cells

AXON TERMINAL

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Sack-like structures found inside the axon terminal containing chemicals

SYNAPTIC VESICLES

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Chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell

NEUROTRANSMITTER

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Microscopic fluid-filled space between the rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell

SYNAPSE/SYNAPTIC GAP

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Holes in the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters

RECEPTOR SITES

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neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to fire

EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTER

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neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to stop firing

INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTER

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mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell

AGONIST

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Block or reduce a cell’s response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters

ANTAGONIST

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Process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles

REUPTAKE

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Part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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A long bundle of neurons that carries messages to and from the body to the brain that is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes

SPINAL CORD

a neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system

SENSORY NEURON

also called an afferent neuron

SENSORY NEURON

A neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

MOTOR NEURON

Also called an efferent neuron

MOTOR NEURON

a neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the sensory neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the motor neurons

INTERNEURON

make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain

INTERNEURON

The ability to constantly change both the structure and function of cells in response to experience or trauma

NEUROPLASTICITY

All nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IS DIVIDED INTO?

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEN

Soma means?

BODY

Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neuronse

SENSORY PATHWAY

Nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of motor neurons

MOTOR PATHWAY

Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands; sensory pathway nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

Part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

Glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

Chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands

HORMONES

Gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland)

PITUITARY GLAND

Endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum that secretes melatonin (sleep-wake cycle)

PINEAL GLAND

Endocrine gland found in the neck that regulates metabolism

THYROID GLAND

Endocrine gland that controls the levels of sugar in the blood

PANCREAS

The sex glands; secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction

GONADS

Types of Gonads

OVARIES AND TESTES

Endocrine glands located on top of each kidney

ADRENAL GLAND

Secrete over thirty different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake (blood pressure). Provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence

ADRENAL GLAND

Parts of the Hindbrain

• Medulla • Pons • Reticular Formation (RF) • Cerebellum

First large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain

MEDULLA

Responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate

MEDULLA

Larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom. Plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left–right body coordination, and arousal

PONs

Areas of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond. Responsible for selective attention.

RETICULAR FORMATION

Part of the lower brain located behind the pons. Controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement

CEREBELLUM

A group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation

LIMBIC SYSTEM

PARTS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM

• Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Hippocampus • Amygdala • Cingulate Cortex

Part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain

THALAMUS

Relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex. Processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area

THALAMUS

Small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland

HYPOTHALAMUS

Responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep , hunger, thirst, and sex

HYPOTHALAMUS

Curved structure located within each temporal lobe

HIPPOCAMPUS

Responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects

HIPPOCAMPUS

Brain structure located near the hippocampus. Responsible for fear responses and the memory of fear

AMYGDALA

The limbic structure actually found in the cortex. Plays important roles in cognitive and emotional processing

CINGULATE CORTEX

Outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons. Responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input

CORTEX

Wrinkling of the cortex Allows a much larger area of cortical cells to exist in the small space inside the skull

CORTICALIZATION

The two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain

CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

Thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

CORPUS CALLOSUM

Section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain

OCCIPITAL LOBE

Processes visual information from the eyes

PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX

Identifies and makes sense of visual information

VISUAL ASSOCIATION CORTEX

Sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the l centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations

PARIETAL LOBES

Area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes. Responsible for processing information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body position, and possibly taste

SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX

Areas of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech

TEMPORAL LOBES

Processes auditory information from the ears

PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX

identifies and makes sense of auditory information

AUDITORY ASSOCIATION CORTEX

Areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain; responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech

FRONTAL LOBE

Section of the frontal lobe located at the back; responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system

MOTOR CORTEX

areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing

ASSOCIATION AREAS

Condition resulting from damage to Broca’s area (usually in left frontal lobe) – causes the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly

BROCA’S APHASIA

Condition resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area (usually in left temporal lobe) – causes the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language

WERNICKE’S APHASIA

The upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and the structures that connect them

CEREBRUM

Study of patients with severed corpus callosum – involves sending messages to only one side of the brain – demonstrates right and left brain specialization

SPLIT-BRAIN RESEARCH

Side of the brain. Analysis, and mathematical abilities. Processes information sequentially, and enables one to speak

LEFT SIDE OF THE BRAIN

Controls emotional expression, spatial perception, right side of the brain recognition of faces, patterns, melodies, and emotions – it processes information globally and cannot influence speech

RIGHT SIDE OF THE BRAIN

Types of Myelin sheath

SCHWANN CELLS AND OLIGODENDROCYTES

Chapter 2 Flashcards

(90 cards)