Chapter 2

Question 1

Protons

Answer 1

Positive charged particles

Question 2

Neutrons

Answer 2

Neutral particles

Question 3

Electrons

Answer 3

Negative charged particles

Question 4

Atomic number

Answer 4

Number of protons
Same atomic number is same element

Question 5

Atomic mass

Answer 5

Sum of protons and neutrons (1 Dalton)

Question 6

Ions

Answer 6

Charged particles

Question 7

Cations

Answer 7

Positively charged (more protons)

Question 8

Anions

Answer 8

Negatively charged (more electrons)

Question 9

Isotopes

Answer 9

Atoms of a single element with different number of neutrons

Question 10

Radioactive isotopes

Answer 10

Unstable and emit radiation as nucleus breaks up

Question 11

Electron number and arrangement

Answer 11

Dictates chemical behavior of an atom

Question 12

Bohr model

Answer 12

Electrons in discrete orbits

Question 13

Electrons potential energy

Answer 13

Close to nucleus, less potential energy
Further from nucleus, more potential energy

Question 14

Oxidation

Answer 14

Loss of electron

Question 15

Reduction

Answer 15

Gain an electron

Question 16

OIL RIG

Answer 16

Oxidation Is Loss
Reduction Is Gain

Question 17

Redox

Answer 17

Process of reduction and oxidation

Question 18

Valence electrons

Answer 18

Number of electrons in outermost energy level

Question 19

Inert elements (nonreactive)

Answer 19

Elements have all 8 electrons

Question 20

Octet rule

Answer 20

Atoms tend to establish completely full outer energy levels, those that are not filled are less reactive than those that are unfilled

Question 21

Organic molecules (96.3%of human body weight)

Answer 21

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Question 22

Molecules

Answer 22

1 type of element. Groups of 2 or more atoms that are held together in stable association

Question 23

Compounds

Answer 23

Molecules containing more than 1 type of element

Question 24

Chemical bonds

Answer 24

How atoms are held together in molecules and compounds

Question 25

Ionic Bonds

Answer 25

Formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions. (Gain or loss of electrons forms ions)

Question 26

Covalent bonds

Answer 26

Form when atoms share 2 or more valence electrons. Strength determined by number of electrons shared.

Question 27

Electronegativity

Answer 27

An atom's affinity for electrons

Question 28

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Answer 28

Equal sharing of electrons. 50/50

Question 29

Polar covalent bonds

Answer 29

Unequal sharing of electrons. One side slightly more negative (more of electrons) Other side slightly more positive.

Question 30

Chemical Reactions

Answer 30

Formation or breaking of chemical bonds Temperature Concentration of reactants and products Availability of a catalyst (Enzymes - proteins or RNA)

Question 31

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 31

Weak individual attractions between the partially neg O of one water molecule and partially pos H of a different water molecule. O partially neg, H partially pos.Highly polar. Can be between water molecules or another charged molecule

Question 32

Cohesion

Answer 32

Water molecules stick to other water molecules by hydrogen bonding. Weak individually but cumulative effects are strong.

Question 33

Adhesion

Answer 33

Water molecules stick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding

Question 34

Solvent

Answer 34

Desolves molecules and ions

Question 35

Hydrophilic

Answer 35

Water loving

Question 36

Hydrophobic

Answer 36

Water fearing

Question 37

pH

Answer 37

Hydrogen ion (H+¹) is the basis of scale. Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution Greater H+¹ concentration = Lower pH (acidic) Lower H+¹ concentration = higher pH (basic)

Question 38

Acid

Answer 38

Chemical that releases H+¹ ions. Stronger an acid is the more hydrogen ions it produces and the lower its pH

Question 39

Base

Answer 39

Chemical that accepts H+¹ ions.

Question 40

Buffer

Answer 40

Substance that resists changes in pH (ex. water). Releasing hydrogen ions when a base is added. Absorbing hydrogen ions when acid is added