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Cell Biology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Rate of diffusion in cell affected

A

Surface area available
Temperature
Concentration gradient (quantity of molecules inside and out)
Distance

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2
Q

Cell radius increases
Surface area increases
Volume increases

A

10 times
100 times
1000 times

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3
Q

Resolution

A

Minimum distance two points can be apart and still distinguished

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4
Q

Microscope types

A

Light- visible light 200 nm
Transmission Electron microscope (TEM) - 0.2 nm Through material
Scanning electron microscope- (SEM) 0.2 nm surface of specimen

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5
Q

All cells have

A

Nucleoid or nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Plasma membrane

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6
Q

Nucleoid or nucleus

A

Nucleoid (prokaryote) Nucleus (Eukaryote) Genetic info

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Semifluid matrix of organelles and cytosol

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8
Q

Ribosomes

A

Synthesize proteins

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9
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Semi permeable barrier separating inside and outside

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10
Q

Types of chromosomes

A

(Prokaryote) Single circular chromosome (yarn like, not. a circle)
(Eukaryote) Multiple rod like chromosomes

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11
Q

Central Dogma of biology

A

DNA —> Transcription —> RNA —> translation —> Protein

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12
Q

Capsule

A

S layer- solid layer of carbs or slimy (glycocarics)

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13
Q

Bacterial cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan (pep-tido-gly-can)
Protection
Maintain cell shape
Prevents excessive H2O uptake

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14
Q

Flagella and 4 types

A

Monotrichous- single
Amphitrichous - two: one on each end
Lophotrichous - multiple coming off one end
Peritrichous - multiple flagella on all sides of cell

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15
Q

Pili

A

hairs on outside for movement or attachment

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16
Q

Archaea attributes and 4 main differences from bacteria

A

many are Extremophiles
1 chemical structure of plasma membrane (tails connect in phospholipid bilayer)
2 Cell wall, when present, lacks peptidoglycan
3 DNA replication more similar to eukaryotes
4 Protein production more similar to eukaryote

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17
Q

Compartmentalization

A

membrane bound organelles- goal is to make chemical reactions more favorable with smaller compartments

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17
Q

Cytoskelton

A

support and cell structure

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18
Q

Cytoplasm Components

A

Cytosol + Organelles (both euk and prokaryotes)

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19
Q

Cytosol

A

Region outside of organelles

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20
Q

Membrane-bound organelles

A

Nucleus and endomembrane system (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and vacuoles)

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21
Q

Semi autonomous organelles

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplast

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22
Q

Nuclear envelope (membrane)

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A

2 phospholipid bilayers
Nuclear pores

23
Q

Nucleolus

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A

region where ribosomes synthesis/assembly takes place

24
Chromatin
DNA plus associated histone proteins (wrapped to make smaller)
25
Ribosomal RNA
Large subunit and small subunit clamp to mRNA to direct protein synthesis
26
rRna mRNA tRNA
ribosomal RNA messenger RNA transfer RNA
27
Rough ER
Synthesis of proteins to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane, ribosomes attach to membrane
28
Endomembrane system
Internal membranes throughout cytoplasm. Cell material flows through system, proteins and lipids synthesized, modified, and transported ER smooth and rough Golgi apparatus Lysosomes
29
Smooth ER
Makes lipids, stores calcium, detoxification
30
Golgi Apparatus
Package and distributed molecules (Proteins, lipids)
31
Cis vs trans face of Golgi
Cis faces ER Trans faces away from ER
32
Vesicles
transport molecules to destination from Golgi
33
Transport vs Secretory vesicles
34
Phagocytosis
Taking in forgien matter or bacteria
35
Lysosomes
Membrane-bounded digestive vesicles Come from Golgi apparatus Have enzymes in lysosomes to breakdown macromolecules and phagocytosis
36
Vacuoles and types
(Plant cells, not animals) Membrane-bounded structure in plants 1 Central Vacuole - plant cells 2 Contractile vacuole - some fungi and protists - gets rid of water 3 Storage vacuoles
37
Central Vacuole and Turgor pressure
Water storage helps keep cell size and keeps plant from shrinking Turgor pressure - Holding of water and plant shape
38
Mitochondria
Used for cell respiration (Energy, ATP, breaking bonds to create energy). Bound by 2 membranes Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane (has cristae [folds]) - has proteins that carry out oxidative metabolism Matrix (inside inner membrane) Have their own DNA (singular circular chromosomes) ribosomes, and division
39
Chloroplasts
Organelles in plants and some eukaryotes. Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis 2 membranes Thylakoids - membrane sacs within the inner membrane. Grana - stacks of multiple thylakoids Stroma - fluid matrix inside chloroplast Own DNA (singular circular) own replication DNA and ribsomes
40
Endosymbiosis
Proposes that some eukaryotic organelles evolved by a symbiosis of two free living cells One prokaryote engulfed another and became part of cell
41
Cytoskeleton
Support shape, keep organelles in fixed locations, Dynamic system (constantly forming and disassembling)
42
3 types of Cytoskeleton fibers
Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate filaments
43
Microfilaments
Smallest type Ex. Actin Two protein chains loosely twined together Movement like contraction, crawling, pinching. (Grab or release to move by pulling) String of pearls
44
Microtubules
Largest type. Dimers of alpha and beta tubulin subunits. Facilitate movement of cell and materials within cell. (Grab onto and move)
45
Intermediate filaments
Mid size. Very stable usually not broken down. Ex. Keratin (fingernails, hair, hooves)
46
Centrosomes
Packets where microtubules form perpendicular centrioles. Organize microtubules for cell division. (not all cells. almost all animal cells)
47
Flagella and Cilia (eukaryote)
9+2 arrangement of microtubules
48
Eukaryotic cell walls
Plant (2 walls) and protists- cellulose Fungi-chitin Animals- lack cell wall
49
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Secrete mixture of glycoproteins Collagen may be abundant Form protective layer over cell surface Integrins link ECM to cell's cytoskeleton (influences cell behavior)
50
Cell to cell interaction
Glycolipids - tissue specific cell surface marker MHC protein - recognize self and nonself cells by the immune system
51
Tight junction
Connect the plasma membrane of adjacent cells in a sheet. No leakage
52
Anchoring junction
Mechanically attaches cytoskeleton of neighbor cells (desmosomes)
53
Communicating junction
Chemical or electrical signal passes directly from one cell to adjacent cell Animal=Gap junction Plant=plasmodesmata
54
Plasmodesmata
Special opening in cell walls where cytoplasm are connected with central tubule
55
Peroxisomes
Microbodies that contain enzymes used to oxidize fatty acids.

Cell Biology (12 decks)

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