Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cell Biology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Biological molecules consist primarily of

A

Carbon bonded to carbon or carbon bonded to hydrogen (hydrocarbons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functional Groups

A

Carbon may be bonded to functional groups with specific properties (usually polar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hydroxyl

A

−OH
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Carbonyl

A

O
II
−C −
Carbohydrates, nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Carboxyl

A

O
//
−C
\
OH
Proteins, lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Amino

A

H
/
−N
\
H
Proteins, nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sulfhydryl

A

−S− H
Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Phosphate

A

O-
|
− O − P− O-
II
O
Nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Methyl

A

H
|
− C− H
|
H
Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules with the same chemical formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Structural isomers

A

Functional groups attached to different parts of C- skeleton
Bonds in different locations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Different arrangements of functional groups on same C- skeleton
Flipped direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chiral

A

Molecules are mirror image
Dextrorotatory- Right hand form
Levorotatory - left hand form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Monomers

A

Single subunits or “block”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Polymer

A

Many units or “blocks”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Polypeptide

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Formation of large molecules by the removal of water (monomers joined to create polymers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water (polymers breakdown to monomers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Carbohydrates

A

1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (CH²O)n
Good energy storage
(C−H breaks bond to create energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Glucose. Single sugar. 6 carbons. Energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 momosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis. Used for sugar transport or energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Long chains of sugar. Energy storage. Structural support. Plants use starch and cellulose. Animals glycogen (stored in liver). Crustaceans, insects use chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Nucleic acids

A

DNA, RNA, & ATP (energy of cell).
Specialized for storage, transmission, and use of genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nucleotides

A

Polymer of nucleic acids.
Sugar+phosphate+nitrogenous base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Deoxyribose
Sugar in DNA
26
Ribose
Sugar in RNA
27
Nitrogenous base of purines
Adenine and Guanine A and G 2 Rings
28
Nitrogenous base of pyrimidines
Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil T, C, and U Single ring
29
DNA contains...
A, T, G, and C
30
RNA contains...
A, U, G, and C
31
To make a nucleic acid polymers (DNA or RNA)
You need phospodiester bonds (phosphorus connected between nucleotides)
32
Complementary Purine and Pyrimidines
A&T (2 H bonds) G&C (3 H bonds)
33
DNA Helix and function
2 polynucleotide strands connected by Hydrogen bonds. Double Helix Genetic information carried in sequence of nucleotides
34
Polynucleotide strands are
complementary
35
RNA strand type & function
single polynucleotide strand (Read genetic info on DNA) Direct the synthesis of proteins
36
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Primary energy use of cells
37
NAD+ and FAD
carry and move electrons (move energy) for cellular reactions
38
Protein Functions
Enzyme catalyst Defense Transport Support Motion Regulation Storage
39
Proteins are ...
polymers (polypeptides) of amino acids (monomers)
40
Amino Acids
20 different (12 synthesized) joined by dehydration synthesis Peptide bonds form between adjacent amino acids
41
Amino Acid structure
Central carbon atom surrounded by amino group carboxyl group single hydrogen variable R group
42
R group dictates
Chemical properties of amino acid
43
Amino Acid classification
Nonpolar Poplar charged aromatic ( ring like) Special function
44
Primary structure
sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
45
Secondary structure
Interaction of groups in the peptide backbone, H-bonds between Amino Acids (alpha helix, beta sheet)
46
Tertiary structure
Final folded shape of globular protein with single polypeptide chain.
47
Quaternary structure
Arrangement of individual chains (subunits) in a protein with 2 or more polypeptide chains
48
Domains
Specific functions. (Functional units within a larger structure)
49
Chaperone Proteins
Help proteins fold correctly, form bonds properly and in correct form. Enter chamber and ATP energy alters condition (hydrophilic or hydrophobic) (Shape determines function)
50
Denaturation
change in shape of protein, causing loss of function. (Effects secondary, tertiary and quaternary) Not primary
51
Lipids and main categories
Group of molecules that are insoluble in water (No true monomer) Fats (triglycerides) Phospholipids (Steroids, waxes)
52
Triglycerides
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids Animal fat, plant oil Store two times more energy than carbohydrates.
53
Fatty acids (tails/chains) are
Long hydrocarbon chains saturated unsaturated polyunsaturated
54
Saturated fatty acids
single carbon - carbon bonds single H - C bonds (saturated with hydrogen, no double C bonds) Linear, straight, solid at room temp (animal fat, butter)
55
Unsaturated fatty acids
Some double C bonds. Causes kinks/bends. Liquid at room temp (vegetable oil)
56
Phospholipids
1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group Contain polar heads (phosphate, hydrophilic) and nonpolar tails (fatty acid hydrophobic) Can be saturated or unsaturated
57
Phospholipids spontaneously form (2 options)
Micelles ( single layer ball) or lipid bilayers.
58
Micelles
can be formed within cells (ball, single layer) Hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic heads
59
Phospholipid bilayer
Forms cell membranes, (hydrophobic) tails create selectively permeable barrier for control/regulation. Hydrophilic heads outwards
60
Carbohydrate cellular structure, polymer, monomer, and type of bond
Starch- chloroplast Polymer- Starch Monomer- Monosaccharide Glycosidic bond (O with 2 sugars)
61
Nucleic acid cellular structure, polymer, monomer, and type of bond
Chromosome Monomer - DNA RNA Polymer- nucleotide Phosphodiester bonds (phosphate group)
62
Protein cellular structure, polymer, monomer, and type of bond
Hemoglobin Monomer - polypeptide Polymer - amino acid Peptide bond (O=C - N=H
63
Lipid cellular structure, polymer, monomer, and type of bond
Phospholipid bilayer Polymer - triglycerides Monomer - no true monomer Ester bonds C - O - C = O

Cell Biology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions