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Geography > Chapter. 2 > Flashcards

Chapter. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the first layer of the Earth?

A

The Crust

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2
Q

What is the second layer of the Earth?

A

The Mantle

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3
Q

What is the third layer of the Earth?

A

The Inner Core

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4
Q

What is the fourth layer of the Earth?

A

The Inner Core

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5
Q

What is the crust?

A

The crust is the outer layer of the Earth. It is made out of solid rock. The oceans and contintents lie on top of the crust.

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6
Q

What is the mantle?

A

The mantle lies under the crust. It is made out of molten ( melted ) or semi molten rock called magma. The magma is moved around by currents, like bubbles in a pot of boiling water.

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7
Q

What is the core?

A

The core is the centre of the Earth. It is made of iron and nickel. It is the hottest part of the Earth at 6,000°C. The core can be divided into the inner core and the outer core.

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8
Q

What are plates?

A

The Earth’s crust is broken into pieces called plates

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9
Q

What are continental and oceanic plates?

A

Continental plates are plates with land on top of them, and oceanic plates are plates with oceans on top of them.

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10
Q

What is a boundary?

A

A boundary is the line where two plates meet.

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11
Q

Plates Collide

A

Plates that collide are known as destructive or convergent boundaries. Here, the crust is destroyed.

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12
Q

What happens when plates collide?

A

Huge pressure is built up, and the heavier plate is pushed under the lighter plate. ( Subduction ).

The heavier plate melts back into the mantle. The lighter plate is lifted up forming fold mountains.

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13
Q

What things can occur if plates collide?

A

Fold mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes.

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14
Q

Plates Seperate

A

Plates that separate from each other are known as constructive boundaries. Here, new crust is created.

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15
Q

What happens when plates separate?

A

When plates move apart from each other and a gap is formed between the two plates, magma rises out of the mantle to fill the gap. The magma then cools and hardens to form new crust.

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16
Q

What can occur when plates separate?

A

Volcanic mountains, volcanic islands, and mid ocean ridges.

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17
Q

Sliding Plates

A

Plates that slide past each other have passive boundaries. Crust is neither created nor destroyed.

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18
Q

What happens when plates slide past each other?

A

These plates are locked together and then release a huge amount of energy when they slide past each other.

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19
Q

What can occur when plates slide past each other?

A

Earthquake and tsunamis

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20
Q

What are the three types of volcanoes?

A

Active, dormant and extinct.

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21
Q

What is an active volcano?

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A

An active volcano is a volcano that erupts regularly. Eg. Mount Etna in Sicily and Mount St. Helens in USA.

22
Q

What is a dormant volcano?

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A

A dormant volcano is a volcano that hasn’t erupted in a long time but might erupt again. Eg. Mount Vesuvius in Italy.

23
Q

What is an extinct volcano?

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A

An extinct volcano is a volcano that will not erupt again. Eg. Croghan Hill in County. Offaly.

24
Q

What is a richter scale and moment magnitufe scale?

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A

They’re instruments used to measure the intensity of an earthquake.

25
What is a tremor?
A tremor is a shaking or a vibrating movement in the Earth's crust.
26
What is a focus?
The focus is the point beneath the surface where an earthquake occurs.
27
What is an epicentre?
The epicentre is the point directly above the earthquake on the surface.
28
What is an aftershock?
An aftershock is the smaller tremors that follow after an earthquake.
29
What is a seismologist?
A seismologist is a person who studies earthquake activity.
30
What is a seismograph.
A seismograph is an instrument used to measure tremors in the Earth's crust.
31
What is a tsunami?
A tsunami is a huge wave caused by an earthquake in the sea.
32
What causes an earthquake?
When plates are colliding with each other or sliding past each other, there can be a build up of pressure along the fault line. When the plates move, the sudden release of pressure results in an earthquake.
33
How are fold mountains formed?
Fold mountains are formed when two tectonic plates collide with each other. When a heavier plate and a lighter plate are pushed together, the heavier plate sinks underneath the lighter plate and melts back into the mantle, and with nowhere else to go, the plate is pushed up forming fold mountains.
34
What are the three folding periods?
The Alpine folding period, The Armorican folding period and the Caledonian folding period.
35
When was the Alpine folding period?
30-35 million years ago
36
When was the Armorican folding period?
About 250 million years ago when the African and Eurasian plate collided.
37
When was the Caledonian folding period?
About 400 million years ago when the Eurasian and the North American plate collided
38
Negative socio-economic effects of volcanoes?
Gases produced by volcanoes such as sulphur dioxide can poison people nearby and cause acid rain affecting agriculture, fishing and forestry. And when volcanic materials mixes with water, rain, snow or ice, a river of mid called lahar can be created. Lahars destroy towns and villages in their path.
39
Positive socio-economic effects of volcanoes?
The soil near volcanoes are very fertile so they are very suitable for agriculture. And water heated underground by volcanic activity can be used to generate geothermal energy to heat people's houses.
40
What is an anticline?
An anticline is an upward fold or arch in a rock.
41
What is a syncline?
A syncline is a downward fold or trough in rock.
42
Magma
Magma can also rise up from a magma chamber in the mantle through a vent. When magma reaches the surface we call it lava.
43
What is a vent?
A vent is a narrow tube in the Earth's crust which allows magma to rise in a volcano.
44
Volcanic islands
Mountains formed on the sea floor formed when magna rises up through the cracks in the crust can sometimes rise above the surface of the oceans. Such as Iceland.
45
Mid-Ocean Ridges
Hot molten rock, known as magma, rises up from the mantle through the cracks in the crust. The magma then cools, hardens and builds up, forming new land in a ridge-like shape.
46
What is the study if plates and their movements?
Plate tectonics
47
Who is Alfred Wegener?
Alfred Wegener was the person who discovered the super continent Pangaea, meaning ' all land '. One day he was looking at the continents and realised that they all looked like jig-saw puzzles. And his theory was that many years ago they were all one continent called Pangaea. Then Pangaea broke up and moved into the continents they are today. Wegener called this continental drift.
48
Plates
The plates sit on top of the mantle. The magma in the mantle is moved around in a circular motion by convection currents. This causes the plates to move. Sometimes the plates collide (crash against each other), separate from each other or slide past each other at the plate boundaries.
49
Convection Currents Explained
• When magma is heated in the mantle, it rises towards the crust. • As it rises it cools and moves sideways. This causes friction between the magma and the crust and pulls the plates. • The magma cools and sinks back down into the mantle. • This process is constantly repeated.
50
Sea floor spreading
When plates move apart from each other and a gap is formed between the two plates. Magma rises out of the mantle to fill the gap. The magma then cools and hardens to form new crust. When this happens under water, it is called sea-floor spreading.
51
What are the 8 plates?
The North American Plate, The South American Plate, The Nazca Plate. The Pacific Plate, The African Plate, The Antartic Plate, The Eurasian Plate and The Indo-Australian Plate.
52
What is subduction?
Subduction is when the heavier plate is pushed under the lighter plate.

Geography (4 decks)

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